[FE training-materials-updates] Added embedded linux course slides in LaTeX
michael.opdenacker at free-electrons.com
michael.opdenacker at free-electrons.com
Thu Mar 1 06:27:21 CET 2012
- Log -----------------------------------------------------------------
http://git.free-electrons.com/training-materials/commit/?id=3e466da8fdaf03777138379bb4b7ac763f25ec4e
commit 3e466da8fdaf03777138379bb4b7ac763f25ec4e
Author: Michael Opdenacker <michael.opdenacker at free-electrons.com>
Date: Thu Mar 1 06:25:50 2012 +0100
Added embedded linux course slides in LaTeX
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4928068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+out/
+*.pdf
+felabs/
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index cdab7fc..7400999 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -7,6 +7,27 @@ PDFLATEX = pdflatex
DIA = dia
EPSTOPDF = epstopdf
+# List of slides for the different courses
+SYSDEV_SLIDES = sysdev-intro \
+ sysdev-dev-environment \
+ sysdev-toolchains \
+ sysdev-bootloaders \
+ sysdev-u-boot \
+ sysdev-linux-kernel-intro \
+ sysdev-kernel-fetch-and-patch \
+ sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling \
+ sysdev-using-kernel-modules \
+ sysdev-root-filesystem-part1 \
+ sysdev-root-filesystem-device-files \
+ sysdev-root-filesystem-part2 \
+ sysdev-busybox \
+ sysdev-block-filesystems \
+ sysdev-flash-filesystems \
+ sysdev-embedded-linux \
+ sysdev-application-development \
+ sysdev-realtime \
+ last-slides
+
# List of labs for the different courses
SYSDEV_LABS = setup \
sysdev-toolchain \
@@ -40,6 +61,9 @@ KERNEL_LABS = setup \
# Output directory
OUTDIR = $(PWD)/out
+# Latex variable definitions
+VARS = $(OUTDIR)/vars
+
# Environment for pdflatex, which allows it to find the stylesheet in the
# common/ directory.
PDFLATEX_ENV = TEXINPUTS=.:$(PWD)/common:
@@ -82,6 +106,73 @@ COMMON_PICTURES = $(call PICTURES,common)
default: help
#
+# === Compilation of slides ===
+#
+
+# This rule allows to build slides of the training. It is done in two
+# parts with make calling itself because it is not possible to compute
+# a list of prerequisites depending on the target name. See
+# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3381497/dynamic-targets-in-makefiles
+# for details.
+#
+# The value of slide can be "full-kernel", "full-sysdev" (for the
+# complete trainings) or the name of an individual chapter.
+ifdef SLIDES
+# Compute the set of chapters to build depending on the name of the
+# PDF file that was requested.
+ifeq ($(SLIDES),full-kernel)
+SLIDES_COMMON_BEFORE = common/slide-header.tex common/kernel-title.tex
+SLIDES_CHAPTERS = $(KERNEL_SLIDES)
+SLIDES_COMMON_AFTER = common/slide-footer.tex
+else ifeq ($(SLIDES),full-sysdev)
+SLIDES_COMMON_BEFORE = common/slide-header.tex common/sysdev-title.tex
+SLIDES_CHAPTERS = $(SYSDEV_SLIDES)
+SLIDES_COMMON_AFTER = common/slide-footer.tex
+else ifeq ($(SLIDES),full-android)
+SLIDES_COMMON_BEFORE = common/slide-header.tex common/android-title.tex
+SLIDES_CHAPTERS = $(ANDROID_SLIDES)
+SLIDES_COMMON_AFTER = common/slide-footer.tex
+else
+SLIDES_COMMON_BEFORE = common/slide-header.tex common/single-slide-title.tex
+SLIDES_CHAPTERS = $(SLIDES)
+SLIDES_COMMON_AFTER = common/slide-footer.tex
+endif
+
+# Compute the set of corresponding .tex files and pictures
+SLIDES_TEX = \
+ $(SLIDES_COMMON_BEFORE) \
+ $(foreach s,$(SLIDES_CHAPTERS),$(wildcard slides/$(s)/$(s).tex)) \
+ $(SLIDES_COMMON_AFTER)
+SLIDES_PICTURES = $(call PICTURES,$(foreach s,$(SLIDES_CHAPTERS),slides/$(s))) $(COMMON_PICTURES)
+
+%-slides.pdf: $(VARS) $(SLIDES_TEX) $(SLIDES_PICTURES) common/beamerthemeFreeElectrons.sty
+ @mkdir -p $(OUTDIR)
+# We generate a .tex file with \input{} directives (instead of just
+# concatenating all files) so that when there is an error, we are
+# pointed at the right original file and the right line in that file.
+ rm -f $(OUTDIR)/$(basename $@).tex
+ echo "\input{$(VARS)}" >> $(OUTDIR)/$(basename $@).tex
+ for f in $(filter %.tex,$^) ; do \
+ echo -n "\input{../" >> $(OUTDIR)/$(basename $@).tex ; \
+ echo -n $$f | sed 's%\.tex%%' >> $(OUTDIR)/$(basename $@).tex ; \
+ echo "}" >> $(OUTDIR)/$(basename $@).tex ; \
+ done
+ (cd $(OUTDIR); $(PDFLATEX_ENV) $(PDFLATEX) $(PDFLATEX_OPT) $(basename $@).tex)
+# The second call to pdflatex is to be sure that we have a correct table of
+# content and index
+ (cd $(OUTDIR); $(PDFLATEX_ENV) $(PDFLATEX) $(PDFLATEX_OPT) $(basename $@).tex > /dev/null 2>&1)
+# We use cat to overwrite the final destination file instead of mv, so
+# that evince notices that the file has changed and automatically
+# reloads it (which doesn't happen if we use mv here). This is called
+# 'Maxime's feature'.
+ cat out/$@ > $@
+else
+FORCE:
+%-slides.pdf: FORCE
+ @$(MAKE) $@ SLIDES=$*
+endif
+
+#
# === Compilation of labs ===
#
@@ -176,13 +267,21 @@ $(OUTDIR)/%.jpg: %.jpg
# === Misc targets ===
#
+$(VARS): FORCE
+ @mkdir -p $(dir $@)
+ echo "\def \sessionurl {$(SESSION_URL)}" > $@
+ echo "\def \evaluationformurl {$(EVALUATION_FORM)}" >> $@
+
clean:
$(RM) -rf $(OUTDIR) *.pdf
help:
@echo "Available targets:"
@echo
- @echo " full-sysdev-labs.pdf Complete labs for the 'sysdev' training"
- @echo " full-kernel-labs.pdf Complete labs for the 'kernel' training"
+ @echo " full-sysdev-labs.pdf Complete labs for the 'sysdev' course"
+ @echo " full-kernel-labs.pdf Complete labs for the 'kernel' course"
+ @echo " full-sysdev-slides.pdf Complete slides for the 'sysdev' coeurs"
+ @echo " <some-chapter>-slides.pdf Slides for a particular chapter in slides/"
+ @echo
@echo " <some-chapter>-labs.pdf Labs for a particular chapter in labs/"
@echo
diff --git a/slides/last-slides/last-slides.tex b/slides/last-slides/last-slides.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..feb659b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/last-slides/last-slides.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+\setuplabframe
+{Archive your lab directory}
+{
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Clean up files that are easy to retrieve, remove downloads.
+ \item Generate an archive of your lab directory.
+ \end{itemize}
+}
+
+\ifdefempty{\evaluationformurl}{}{
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Evaluation form}
+ Please take a few minutes to rate this training session,
+ by answering our on-line survey:
+
+ \url{\evaluationformurl}
+\end{frame}
+}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Related documents}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/last-slides/related-documents-screenshot.png}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ All our technical presentations on \url{http://free-electrons.com/docs}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linux kernel
+ \item Device drivers
+ \item Architecture specifics
+ \item Embedded Linux system development
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Life after training} Here are things we could do to
+ support you in your embedded Linux and kernel projects:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item BSP development for your hardware (drivers, bootloader,
+ toolchain)
+ \item Make the official Linux sources support your hardware
+ \item System development and integration
+ \item System optimization
+ \item Hunting and fixing nasty bugs
+ \item More training: see
+ \url{http://free-electrons.com/training/}. Your colleagues who
+ missed this class could go to our public sessions.
+ \end{itemize}
+ See \url{http://free-electrons.com/development} and
+ \url{http://free-electrons.com/services}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Last slide}
+ \begin{center}
+ \Huge
+ Thank you!\\
+ \huge
+ And may the Source be with you\\
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
diff --git a/slides/last-slides/related-documents-screenshot.png b/slides/last-slides/related-documents-screenshot.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c69726
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-application-development/computer.png b/slides/sysdev-application-development/computer.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ceae55c
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-application-development/cygwin.png b/slides/sysdev-application-development/cygwin.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c24307e
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-application-development/eclipse.png b/slides/sysdev-application-development/eclipse.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d435765
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-application-development/eclipse.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-application-development/embedded-device.png b/slides/sysdev-application-development/embedded-device.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8638a4f
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-application-development/embedded-device.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-application-development/gdb-vs-gdbserver-architecture.dia b/slides/sysdev-application-development/gdb-vs-gdbserver-architecture.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec3863e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-application-development/gdb-vs-gdbserver-architecture.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
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+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O4" connection="8"/>
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+connection#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e067b9d
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-application-development/sysdev-application-development.tex b/slides/sysdev-application-development/sysdev-application-development.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81c4e9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-application-development/sysdev-application-development.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+\chapterframe{Embedded Linux application development}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Contents}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Application development
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Developing applications on embedded Linux
+ \item Building your applications
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Source management
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Integrated development environments (IDEs)
+ \item Version control systems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Debugging and analysis tools
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Debuggers
+ \item Memory checkers
+ \item System analysis
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Development environments
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Developing on Windows
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Application development}
+{Developing applications on embedded Linux}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Application development}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An embedded Linux system is just a normal Linux system, with
+ usually a smaller selection of components
+ \item In terms of application development, developing on embedded
+ Linux is exactly the same as developing on a desktop Linux system
+ \item All existing skills can be re-used, without any particular
+ adaptation
+ \item All existing libraries, either third-party or in-house, can be
+ integrated into the embedded Linux system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Taking into account, of course, the limitation of the
+ embedded systems in terms of performance, storage and memory
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Programming language}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The default programming language for system-level application
+ in Linux is usually C
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The C library is already present on your system, nothing to
+ add
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item C++ can be used for larger applications
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The C++ library must be added to the system
+ \item Some libraries, including Qt, are developed in C++ so they
+ need the C++ library on the system anyway
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Scripting languages can also be useful for quick application
+ development, web applications or scripts
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item But they require an interpreter on the embedded system and
+ have usually higher memory consumption and slightly lower
+ performances
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Languages: Python, Perl, Lua, Ada, Fortran, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{C library or higher-level libraries ?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item For many applications, the C library already provides a
+ relatively large set of features
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item file and device I/O, networking, threads and
+ synchronization, inter- process communication
+ \item Thoroughly described in the glibc manual, or in any {\em
+ Linux system programming} book
+ \item However, the API carries a lot of history and is not
+ necessarily easy to grasp for new comers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Therefore, using a higher level framework, such as Qt or the
+ Gtk stack, might be a good idea
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item These frameworks are not only graphical libraries, their
+ core is separate from the graphical part
+ \item But of course, these libraries have some memory and storage
+ footprint, in the order of a few megabytes
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Building your applications}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item For simple applications that do not need to be really portable
+ or provide compile-time configuration options, a simple Makefile
+ will be sufficient
+ \item For more complicated applications, or if you want to be able
+ to run your application on a desktop Linux PC and on the target
+ device, using a build system is recommended
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Look at the {\em autotools} (ancient, complicated but very
+ widely used) or {\em CMake} (modern, simpler, smaller but
+ growing user base)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The QT library is a special case, since it comes with its own
+ build system for applications, called qmake
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Simple Makefile (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Case of an application that only uses the C library, contains two source
+ files and generates a single binary
+ \end{itemize}
+\begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+CROSS_COMPILE?=arm-linux-
+CC=$(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
+OBJS=foo.o bar.o
+
+all: foobar
+
+foobar: $(OBJS)
+ $(CC) -o $@ $^
+
+clean:
+ $(RM) -f foobar $(OBJS)
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Simple Makefile (2)}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Case of an application that uses the Glib and the GPS libraries
+\end{itemize}
+\small
+\begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+CROSS_COMPILE?=arm-linux-
+LIBS=libgps glib-2.0
+OBJS=foo.o bar.o
+
+CC=$(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
+CFLAGS=$(shell pkg-config --cflags $(LIBS))
+LDFLAGS=$(shell pkg-config --libs $(LIBS))
+
+all: foobar
+
+foobar: $(OBJS)
+ $(CC) -o $@ $^ $(LDFLAGS)
+
+clean:
+ $(RM) -f foobar $(OBJS)
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Application development}
+{Source management\\
+Integrated Development Environments (IDE)}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Source browsers}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf LXR: Linux Cross Reference}\\
+ Allows to browse code through a web browser.
+ \item {\bf cscope}\\
+ Console mode source browsing tool.\\
+ Integrates with editors like vi and Emacs.
+\end{itemize}
+See our Linux kernel and driver development training materials\\
+(\url{http://free-electrons.com/docs/kernel}) for more details.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{KDevelop}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://kdevelop.org}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A full featured IDE!
+ \item License: GPL
+ \item Supports many languages: Ada, C, C++, Database, Java, Perl,
+ PHP, Python, Ruby, Shell
+ \item Supports many kinds of projects: KDE, but also GTK, Gnome,
+ kernel drivers, embedded (Opie)...
+ \item Many features: editor, syntax highlighting, code completion,
+ compiler interface, debugger interface, file manager, class
+ browser...
+ \end{itemize}
+ Nice overview: \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kdevelop}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/kdevelop.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{KDevelop screenshot}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/kdevelop-screenshot.png}\\
+ Ruby debugger
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Eclipse (1)}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://www.eclipse.org/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An extensible, plug-in based software development kit,
+ typically used for creating IDEs.
+ \item Supported by the Eclipse foundation, a non-profit consortium
+ of major software industry vendors (IBM, Intel, Borland, Nokia,
+ Wind River, Zend, Computer Associates...).
+ \item Free Software license (Eclipse Public License). Incompatible
+ with the GPL.
+ \item Supported platforms: GNU/Linux, Unix, Windows
+ \end{itemize}
+ Extremely popular: created a lot of attraction.
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/eclipse.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Eclipse (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Eclipse is actually a platform composed of many projects:\\
+ \url{http://www.eclipse.org/projects/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Some projects are dedicated at integrating into Eclipse
+ features useful for embedded developers (cross-compilation,
+ remote development, remote debugging, etc.)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The platform is used by major embedded Linux software vendors
+ for their (proprietary) system development kits: MontaVista
+ DevRocket, TimeSys TimeStorm, Wind River Workbench, Sysgo ELinOS.
+ \end{itemize}
+ Eclipse is a huge project. It would require an entire training
+ session!
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Application development}
+{Source management\\
+Version control systems}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Version control systems}
+ Real projects can't do without them
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allow multiple developers to contribute on the same
+ project. Each developer can see the latest changes from the
+ others, or choose to stick with older versions of some components.
+ \item Allow to keep track of changes, and revert them if needed.
+ \item Allow developers to have their own development branch
+ (branching)
+ \item Supposed to help developers resolving conflicts with different
+ branches (merging)
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Traditional version control systems} Rely on a central
+ repository. The most popular open-source ones:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf CVS - Concurrent Versions System}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Still quite popular in enterprise contexts. Almost no longer
+ exists in the open-source community.
+ \item Should no longer be used for new projects
+ \item
+ \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Subversion}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Created as a replacement of CVS, removing many of its
+ limitations.
+ \item Commits on several files, proper renaming support, better
+ performances, etc.
+ \item The user interface is very similar to CVS
+ \item \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(software)}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Distributed source control systems (1)}
+ No longer have a central repository
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item More adapted to the way the Free Software community develops
+ software and organizes
+ \item Allows each developer to have a full local history of the
+ project, to create local branches. Makes each developer's work
+ easier.
+ \item People get working copies from other people's working copies,
+ and exchange changes between themselves. Branching and merging is
+ made easier.
+ \item Make it easier for new developers to join, making their own
+ experiments without having to apply for repository access.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Distributed source control systems (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Git}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Initially designed and developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux
+ kernel development
+ \item Extremely popular in the community, and used by more and
+ more projects (kernel, U-Boot, Barebox, uClibc, GNOME, X.org,
+ etc.)
+ \item Outstanding performance, in particular in big projects
+ \item \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Mercurial}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Another system, created with the same goals as Git.
+ \item Used by some big projects too
+ \item \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_systems\#Distributed_revision_control}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Software development tools}
+{Debugging and analysis tools\\
+Debuggers}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{GDB}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ The {\bf GNU Project Debugger}\\
+ \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The debugger on GNU/Linux, available for most embedded
+ architectures.
+ \item Supported languages: C, C++, Pascal, Objective-C, Fortran,
+ Ada...
+ \item Console interface (useful for remote debugging).
+ \item Graphical front-ends available.
+ \item Can be used to control the execution of a program, set
+ breakpoints or change internal variables. You can also use it to
+ see what a program was doing when it crashed (by loading its
+ memory image, dumped into a core file).
+ \end{itemize}
+ See also \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdb}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/gdb.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{GDB crash course}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A few useful GDB commands
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{break foobar}\\
+ puts a breakpoint at the entry of function \code{foobar()}
+ \item \code{break foobar.c:42}\\
+ puts a breakpoint in \code{foobar.c}, line 42
+ \item \code{print var} or \code{print task->files[0].fd}\\
+ prints the variable \code{var}, or a more complicated reference. GDB
+ can also nicely display structures with all their members
+ \item \code{continue}\\
+ continue the execution
+ \item \code{next}\\
+ continue to the next line, stepping over function calls
+ \item \code{step}\\
+ continue to the next line, entering into subfunctions
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{GDB graphical front-ends}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf DDD} - Data Display Debugger\\
+ \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/}\\
+ A popular graphical front-end, with advanced data plotting
+ capabilities.
+ \item {\bf GDB/Insight}\\
+ \url{http://sourceware.org/insight/}\\
+ From the GDB maintainers.
+ \item {\bf KDbg}\\
+ \url{http://www.kdbg.org/}\\
+ Another front-end, for the K Display Environment.
+ \item Integration with other IDEs: Eclipse, Emacs, KDevelop, etc.\\
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Introduction to software development tools}
+{Debugging and analysis tools\\
+Remote debugging}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Remote debugging}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item In a non-embedded environment, debugging takes place using gdb
+ or one of its front-end.
+ \item gdb has direct access to the binary and libraries compiled
+ with debugging symbols.
+ \item However, in an embedded context, the target platform
+ environment is often too limited to allow direct debugging with
+ gdb (2.4 MB on x86).
+ \item Remote debugging is preferred
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{gdb} is used on the development workstation, offering
+ all its features.
+ \item \code{gdbserver} is used on the target system (only 100 KB
+ on arm).
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/gdb-vs-gdbserver.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Remote debugging: architecture}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/gdb-vs-gdbserver-architecture.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Remote debugging: usage}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item On the target, run a program through gdbserver.\\
+ Program execution will not start immediately.\\
+ \code{gdbserver localhost:<port> <executable> <args>}
+ \code{gdbserver /dev/ttyS0 <executable> <args>}
+ \item Otherwise, attach gdbserver to an already running program:\\
+ \code{gdbserver --attach localhost:<port> <pid>}
+ \item Then, on the host, run \code{ARCH-linux-gdb} program,\\
+ and use the following gdb commands:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item To connect to the target:\\
+ \code{gdb> target remote <target>:<port>} (networking)\\
+ \code{gdb> target remote /dev/ttyS0} (serial link)
+ \item To tell gdb where shared libraries are:\\
+ \code{gdb> set sysroot <library-path>} (without \code{lib/})
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Post mortem analysis}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When an application crashes due to a {\em segmentation fault}
+ and the application was not under control of a debugger, we get no
+ information about the crash
+ \item Fortunately, Linux can generate a {\em core} file that
+ contains the image of the application memory at the moment of the
+ crash, and gdb can use this {\em core} file to let us analyze the
+ state of the crashed application
+ \item On the target
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Use \code{ulimit -c unlimited} to enable the generation of a
+ {\em core} file when a crash occurs
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item On the host
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item After the crash, transfer the core file from the target to
+ the host, and run
+ \code{ARCH-linux-gdb -c core-file application-binary}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Software development tools}
+{Debugging and analysis tools\\
+ Memory checkers}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{memcheck}
+ \url{http://hald.dnsalias.net/projects/memcheck/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item GNU GPL tool for dynamic memory checking
+ \item Works by replacing glibc's memory management functions by its own.
+ \item Supports most useful CPU architectures.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{DUMA}
+ Detect Unintended Memory Access\\
+ \url{http://duma.sourceforge.net/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Fork and replacement for Electric Fence
+ \item Stops your program on the exact instruction that overruns or
+ underruns a \code{malloc()} memory buffer.
+ \item GDB will then display the source-code line that causes the
+ bug.
+ \item Works by using the virtual-memory hardware to create a
+ red-zone at the border of each buffer - touch that, and your
+ program stops.
+ \item Works on any platform supported by Linux, whatever the CPU
+ (provided virtual memory support is available).
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Valgrind (1)}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://valgrind.org/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item GNU GPL Software suite for debugging and profiling programs.
+ \item Supported platforms: Linux on x86, x86\_64, ppc32, ppc64 and
+ arm (armv7 only: Cortex A8, A9 and A5)
+ \item Can detect many memory management and threading bugs.
+ \item Profiler: provides information helpful to speed up your
+ program and reduce its memory usage.
+ \item The most popular tool for this usage. Even used by projects
+ with hundreds of programmers.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/valgrind1.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Valgrind (2)}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Can be used to run any program, without the need to
+ recompile it.
+ \item Example usage\\
+ \code{Valgrind --leak-check=yes ls -la}
+ \item Works by adding its own instrumentation to your code and
+ then running in on its own virtual cpu core.\\
+ Significantly slows down execution, but still fine for testing!
+ \item More details on \url{http://valgrind.org/info/} and
+ \url{http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/coregrind_core.html\#howworks}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/valgrind2.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Software development tools}
+{Debugging and analysis tools\\
+System analysis}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{strace}
+ System call tracer\\
+ \url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/strace/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Available on all GNU/Linux systems\\
+ Can be built by your cross-compiling toolchain generator.
+ \item Allows to see what any of your processes is doing:\\
+ accessing files, allocating memory...\\
+ Often sufficient to find simple bugs.
+ \item Usage:\\
+ \code{strace <command>} (starting a new process)\\
+ \code{strace -p <pid>} (tracing an existing process)
+ \end{itemize}
+ See \code{man strace} for details.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{strace example output}
+ \tiny
+ \begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+> strace cat Makefile
+execve("/bin/cat", ["cat", "Makefile"], [/* 38 vars */]) = 0
+brk(0) = 0x98b4000
+access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+mmap2(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f85000
+access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3
+fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=111585, ...}) = 0
+mmap2(NULL, 111585, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0xb7f69000
+close(3) = 0
+access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
+open("/lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3
+read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0\320h\1\0004\0\0\0\344"..., 512) = 512
+fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1442180, ...}) = 0
+mmap2(NULL, 1451632, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0xb7e06000
+mprotect(0xb7f62000, 4096, PROT_NONE) = 0
+mmap2(0xb7f63000, 12288, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
+ MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x15c) = 0xb7f63000
+mmap2(0xb7f66000, 9840, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
+ MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0xb7f66000
+close(3) = 0
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{ltrace}
+ A tool to trace library calls used by a program and all the signals
+ it receives
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Very useful complement to strace, which shows only system
+ calls.
+ \item Of course, works even if you don't have the sources
+ \item Allows to filter library calls with regular expressions, or
+ just by a list of function names.
+ \item Manual page: \code{http://linux.die.net/man/1/ltrace}
+ \end{itemize}
+ See \code{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ltrace} for details
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{ltrace example output}
+ \small
+ \begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+ltrace nedit index.html
+sscanf(0x8274af1, 0x8132618, 0x8248640, 0xbfaadfe8, 0) = 1
+sprintf("const 0", "const %d", 0) = 7
+strcmp("startScan", "const 0") = 1
+strcmp("ScanDistance", "const 0") = -1
+strcmp("const 200", "const 0") = 1
+strcmp("$list_dialog_button", "const 0") = -1
+strcmp("$shell_cmd_status", "const 0") = -1
+strcmp("$read_status", "const 0") = -1
+strcmp("$search_end", "const 0") = -1
+strcmp("$string_dialog_button", "const 0") = -1
+strcmp("$rangeset_list", "const 0") = -1
+strcmp("$calltip_ID", "const 0") = -1
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{ltrace summary}
+ Example summary at the end of the ltrace output (\code{-c} option)
+ \scriptsize
+ \begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+Process 17019 detached
+% time seconds usecs/call calls errors syscall
+------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
+100.00 0.000050 50 1 set_thread_area
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 48 read
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 44 write
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 80 63 open
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 19 close
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 1 execve
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 2 2 access
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 3 brk
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 1 munmap
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 1 uname
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 1 mprotect
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 19 mmap2
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 50 46 stat64
+ 0.00 0.000000 0 18 fstat64
+------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
+100.00 0.000050 288 111 total
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{OProfile}
+ \url{http://oprofile.sourceforge.net}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A system-wide profiling tool
+ \item Can collect statistics like the top users of the CPU.
+ \item Works without having the sources.
+ \item Requires a kernel patch to access all features, but is already
+ available in a standard kernel.
+ \item Requires more investigation to see how it works.
+ \item Ubuntu/Debian packages: \code{oprofile}, \code{oprofile-gui}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Callgrind / KCachegrind}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Cachegrind} / {\bf Callgrind}: part of the Valgrind tool suite\\
+ Collects function call statistics and call graphs. Useful to know
+ in which functions most time is spent.
+ \item KCachegrind: \url{http://kcachegrind.sourceforge.net/}\\
+ An amazing visualizer for Cachegrind / Callgrind data.
+ \item KCachegrind can also import data from other profilers (such as
+ OProfile), and from profiling output from Python, Perl and PHP.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{KCachegrind screenshot}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/kcachegrind-screenshot.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{App. development and debugging}
+{
+ Application development
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Compile your own application with the DirectFB libraries
+ \end{itemize}
+ Remote debugging
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Set up remote debugging tools on the target: strace, ltrace\\
+ and gdbserver.
+ \item Debug a simple application running on the target using remote
+ debugging
+ \end{itemize}
+}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Software development tools}
+{Developing on Windows}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Developing on Windows!?}
+ Using a GNU/Linux workstation is the easiest way to create software
+ for GNU/Linux or embedded Linux
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You use the same tools and environment as all community
+ developers do. Much fewer issues you are the only one to face.
+ \item You get familiar with the system. Essential for understanding
+ issues.
+ \end{itemize}
+ However, some developers have no choice: Windows is the only desktop
+ OS allowed in their company.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Cygwin}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://cygwin.com/}\\
+ Linux (POSIX)-like environment for Windows
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item 2 components:\\
+ Linux API emulation layer: \code{cygwin1.dll}\\
+ A collection of tools originally found in GNU/Linux
+ \item Allows to compile and run many GNU/Linux programs on Windows: shells,
+ compiler, http servers, X Window, GTK...
+ \item Very easy to install. Can choose which tools to download and
+ install.
+ \item For embedded Linux system developers: makes it possible to use
+ GNU toolchains (compiled for Windows) required to build Linux
+ binaries (kernel, libraries or applications).
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/cygwin.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Cygwin limitations}
+ Cygwin is not a complete substitute for a real GNU/Linux system.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Almost all developers work on GNU/Linux or on another Unix
+ platform (typically BSD). Don't expect them to test that their
+ tools build on Windows with Cygwin.
+ \item The number of Cygwin users is quite small.\\
+ You may be the first to face or report building issues on this
+ platform for a given compiler or tool version.
+ \item Cygwin is very slow.
+ \end{itemize}
+ So, the best solution is to run Linux inside Windows!
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{VMware}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item License: proprietary
+ \item Can run a GNU/Linux PC from Windows, almost at the host speed.
+ \item VMware Player is now available free of charge. Many Free
+ Software system images available for download.
+ \end{itemize}
+ The most popular solution in the corporate world.
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/vmware.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{VirtualBox}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://virtualbox.org} from Sun Microsystems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item PC emulation solution available on both Windows and GNU/Linux
+ \item 2 licenses:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Proprietary: free of cost for personal use and evaluation.\\
+ Binaries available for Windows. Full features.
+ \item Open Source Edition (OSE): GPL license.\\
+ Most features (except in particular USB support).\\
+ No binaries released for Windows so far (but possible).
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Based on QEMU's core engine. Performance similar to that of
+ VMware.
+ \end{itemize}
+ See \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-application-development/virtualbox.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/journal.dia b/slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/journal.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cb7a24
--- /dev/null
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.95,7.95;33.05,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="20,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.95,13.95;33.05,17.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="20,14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.95,19.95;33.05,23.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="20,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18,6.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.95,6.45;35.55,6.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="18,6.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="35.5,6.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.4,3.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.4,3.015;28.8175,3.9375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Application#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.4,3.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.5,5.04962"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.1382,4.99962;26.8618,8.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="26.5,5.04962"/>
+ <dia:point val="26.5,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O1" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.5,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.1382,10.95;26.8618,14.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="26.5,11"/>
+ <dia:point val="26.5,14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O2" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.5,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.1382,16.95;26.8618,20.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="26.5,17"/>
+ <dia:point val="26.5,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O3" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.6,9.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.5638,8.515;29.6363,10.4253"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Writes an entry
+in the journal#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.6,9.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.3,15.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.3,15.015;28.8825,15.9375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Write to file#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.3,15.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.7325,21.6825"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.7325,20.9475;30.105,21.87"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Clear journal entry#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.7325,21.6825"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15,5.265;19.355,6.1875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#User-space#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15,7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15,6.765;20.0825,8.67528"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel-space
+(filesystem)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15,7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.9,5.9875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.9,5.3925;30.6125,6.14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Write to file#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.9,5.9875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/mixing-filesystems.dia b/slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/mixing-filesystems.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de3390e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/mixing-filesystems.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.95,3.95;28.05,12.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.95,11.95;28.05,18.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.05,19.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22,19.7;28.1,23.8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22.05,19.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.25,11.35"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.25,10.5625;35.0225,11.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Block storage#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.25,11.35"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.4,21.8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.4,21.0125;31.2625,22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#RAM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.4,21.8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:string>#tmpfs#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#read-only
+compressed
+root filesystem#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:string>#read-write
+user and
+configuration
+data#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:string>#read write
+volatile data#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/sysdev-block-filesystems.tex b/slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/sysdev-block-filesystems.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..091480e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/sysdev-block-filesystems.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+\chapterframe
+{Block filesystems}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Block vs. flash}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Storage devices are classified in two main types: {\bf block
+ devices} and {\bf flash devices}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They are handled by different subsystems and different
+ filesystems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Block devices} can be read and written to on a per-block
+ basis, without erasing, and do not wear out when being used for a
+ long time
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Hard disks, floppy disks, RAM disks
+ \item USB keys, Compact Flash, SD card, these are based on
+ flashes, but have an integrated controller that emulates a block
+ device
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Flash devices} can be read, but writing requires erasing,
+ and often occurs on a larger size than the “block†size
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item NOR flash, NAND flash
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Block device list}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The list of all block devices available in the system can be
+ found in \code{/proc/partitions}\\
+\begin{verbatim}
+$ cat /proc/partitions
+major minor #blocks name
+
+8 0 312571224 sda
+8 1 303903744 sda1
+8 2 1 sda2
+8 5 8665088 sda5
+\end{verbatim}
+ \item And also in \code{/sys/block/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Traditional block filesystems}
+ Traditional filesystems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Can be left in a non-coherent state after a system crash or
+ sudden poweroff, which requires a full filesystem check after
+ reboot.
+ \item \code{ext2}: traditional Linux filesystem\\
+ (repair it with \code{fsck.ext2})
+ \item \code{vfat}: traditional Windows filesystem\\
+ (repair it with \code{fsck.vfat} on GNU/Linux or Scandisk on
+ Windows)
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Journaled filesystems}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Designed to stay in a correct state even after system crashes
+ or a sudden poweroff
+ \item All writes are first described in the journal before being
+ committed to files
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.6\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/journal.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Filesystem recovery after crashes}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.6\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/journal-recovery.pdf}
+ \column{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Thanks to the journal, the filesystem is never left in a
+ corrupted state
+ \item Recently saved data could still be lost
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Journaled block filesystems}
+ Journaled filesystems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{ext3}: \code{ext2} with journal extension\\
+ \code{ext4}: the new generation with many improvements.\\
+ Ready for production. They are the default filesystems for all
+ Linux systems in the world.
+ \item The Linux kernel supports many other filesystems:
+ \code{reiserFS}, \code{JFS}, \code{XFS}, etc. Each of them have
+ their own characteristics, but are more oriented towards server or
+ scientific workloads
+ \item \code{Btrfs} (``Butter FS'')\\
+ The next generation. In mainline but still experimental.
+ \end{itemize}
+ We recommend \code{ext2} for very small partitions ($<$ 5 MB),
+ because other filesystems need too much space for metadata
+ (\code{ext3} and \code{ext4} need about 1 MB for a 4 MB partition).
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Creating ext2/ext3 volumes}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item To create an empty ext2/ext3 filesystem on a block device or
+ inside an already-existing image file
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{mkfs.ext2 /dev/hda3}
+ \item \code{mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda2}
+ \item \code{mkfs.ext2 disk.img}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item To create a filesystem image from a directory containing all
+ your files and directories
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Use the \code{genext2fs} tool, from the package of the same name
+ \item \code{genext2fs -d rootfs/ rootfs.img}
+ \item Your image is then ready to be transferred to your block
+ device
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Mounting filesystem images}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Once a filesystem image has been created, one can access and
+ modifies its contents from the development workstation, using the
+ {\bf loop} mechanism
+ \item Example:\\
+ \code{genext2fs -d rootfs/ rootfs.img}\\
+ \code{mkdir /tmp/tst}\\
+ \code{mount -t ext2 -o loop rootfs.img /tmp/tst}
+ \item In the \code{/tmp/tst} directory, one can access and modify
+ the contents of the \code{rootfs.img} file.
+ \item This is possible thanks to \code{loop}, which is a kernel
+ driver that emulates a block device with the contents of a file.
+ \item Do not forget to run \code{umount} before using the filesystem
+ image !
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Squashfs}
+ Squashfs: \url{http://squashfs.sourceforge.net}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Read-only, compressed filesystem for block devices. Fine for
+ parts of a filesystem which can be read-only (kernel, binaries...)
+ \item Great compression rate and read access performance
+ \item Used in most live CDs and live USB distributions
+ \item Supports LZO compression for better performance on embedded
+ systems with slow CPUs (at the expense of a slightly degraded
+ compression rate)
+ \end{itemize}
+ Benchmarks: (roughly 3 times smaller than ext3, and 2-4 times faster)\\
+ \url{http://elinux.org/Squash_Fs_Comparisons}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Squashfs - How to use}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Need to install the \code{squashfs-tools} package
+ \item Creation of the image
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item On your workstation, create your filesystem image:\\
+ \code{mksquashfs rootfs/ rootfs.sqfs}
+ \item Caution: if the image already exists remove it first,\\
+ or use the \code{-noappend} option.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Installation of the image
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Let's assume your partition on the target is in
+ \code{/dev/sdc1}
+ \item Copy the filesystem image on the device\\
+ \code{dd if=rootfs.sqfs of=/dev/sdc1}\\
+ Be careful when using \code{dd} to not overwrite the incorrect
+ partition!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Mount your filesystem:\\
+ \code{mount -t squashfs /dev/sdc1 /mnt/root}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{tmpfs}
+
+ Not a block filesystem of course!
+
+ Perfect to store temporary data in RAM: system log files, connection
+ data, temporary files...
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{tmpfs} configuration: \code{File systems -> Pseudo filesystems}\\
+ Lives in the Linux file cache. Doesn't waste RAM: unlike ramdisks, no need
+ to copy files to the file cache, grows and shrinks to accommodate stored files.
+ Saves RAM: can swap out pages to disk when needed.
+ \item How to use: choose a name to distinguish the various tmpfs
+ instances you could have. Examples:\\
+ \code{mount -t tmpfs varrun /var/run}\\
+ \code{mount -t tmpfs udev /dev}
+ \end{itemize}
+ See \code{Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt} in kernel sources.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Mixing read-only and read-write filesystems}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ Good idea to split your block storage into:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A compressed read-only partition (\code{Squashfs})\\
+ Typically used for the root filesystem (binaries, kernel...).\\
+ Compression saves space. Read-only access protects your system
+ from mistakes and data corruption.
+ \item A read-write partition with a journaled filesystem (like \code{ext3})\\
+ Used to store user or configuration data.\\
+ Guarantees filesystem integrity after power off or crashes.
+ \item Ram storage for temporary files (\code{tmpfs})
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-block-filesystems/mixing-filesystems.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Block filesystems}
+{
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Creating partitions on your block storage
+ \item Booting your system with a mix of filesystems: SquashFS for
+ applications, ext3 for configuration and user data, and tmpfs for
+ temporary system files.
+ \end{itemize}
+}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/at91-boot.dia b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/at91-boot.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b8d712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/at91-boot.dia
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+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="0.59999999999999998"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.95,22.95;33.295,27.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.244999999254937"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="0.59999999999999998"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.55,6.04102"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.2458,5.98981;27.9692,9.11177"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="27.55,6.04102"/>
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O1" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.2607,12.95;27.9843,16.0708"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,13"/>
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,15.959"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.2607,19.95;27.9843,23.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,20"/>
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O3" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.705,3.34"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.705,2.29;30.4775,3.6075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#RomBoot#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.705,3.34"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.16,10.43"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.16,9.38;32.575,10.6975"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#AT91Bootstrap#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.16,10.43"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.565,17.47"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.565,16.42;29.9,17.7375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#U-Boot#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.565,17.47"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.72,24.51"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.72,23.46;31.685,24.7775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Linux Kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.72,24.51"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.5,4.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.91,3.8675;30.09,5.64222"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#stored in ROM
+in the CPU#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.91722218692302704"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.5,4.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.75,11.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.7688,10.9675;32.7313,12.7422"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#stored in NAND or SPI flash
+runs from SRAM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.91722218692302704"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.75,11.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.85,18.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.8687,17.9675;32.8312,19.7422"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#stored in NAND or SPI flash
+runs from DRAM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.91722218692302704"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.85,18.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.7,25.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.415,25.0675;32.985,26.8422"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#stored in NAND, SD, network
+runs from SDRAM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.91722218692302704"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.7,25.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/booting-from-nor.dia b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/booting-from-nor.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..966b1e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/booting-from-nor.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27,11.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.95,11.6;31.05,30.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="27,11.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="18.450000000000003"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#e5e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.95,22.95;31.05,28.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="27,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27,14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.95,13.95;31.05,16.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="27,14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.95,25.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.95,24.9625;30.1,25.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#RAM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.95,25.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.005,15.2775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.005,14.49;30.085,15.4775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#NOR#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.005,15.2775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.95,10.075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.3,9.34;30.6,11.2503"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Physical
+memory#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.95,10.075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.355,14.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.4175,13.515;26.2925,16.4131"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Execution
+starts
+here#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.355,14.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.6,15.025"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.5491,14.6492;27.1118,15.3727"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="25.6,15.025"/>
+ <dia:point val="27,15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O2" connection="3"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/omap-boot.dia b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/omap-boot.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3af016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/omap-boot.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
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+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
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+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
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+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
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+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
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+ <dia:point val="22,2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.95,1.95;33.05,6.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22,2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
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+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
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+ </dia:attribute>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="0.59999999999999998"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22,16"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.95,15.95;33.295,20.05"/>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="0.59999999999999998"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.55,6.04102"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.2458,5.98981;27.9692,9.11177"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="27.55,6.04102"/>
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O1" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.2607,12.95;27.9843,16.0708"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,13"/>
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,15.959"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.2607,19.95;27.9843,23.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,20"/>
+ <dia:point val="27.6225,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O3" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.655,3.39"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.655,2.34;31.175,3.6575"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#ROM Code#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.655,3.39"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.81,10.38"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.81,9.33;30.4425,10.6475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#X-Loader#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.81,10.38"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.565,17.47"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.565,16.42;29.9,17.7375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#U-Boot#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.565,17.47"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.72,24.51"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.72,23.46;31.685,24.7775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Linux Kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.72,24.51"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.5,4.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.91,3.8675;30.09,5.64222"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#stored in ROM
+in the CPU#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.91722218692302704"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.5,4.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.75,11.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.8125,10.9461;31.7089,12.7851"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#stored in NAND or SD
+runs from SRAM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.91722218692302704"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.75,11.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.85,18.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.9125,17.9461;31.8089,19.7851"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#stored in NAND or SD
+runs from DRAM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.91722218692302704"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.85,18.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.7,25.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.415,24.9675;32.985,26.7422"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#stored in NAND, SD, network
+runs from SDRAM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.91722218692302704"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.7,25.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/sysdev-bootloaders.tex b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/sysdev-bootloaders.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e136357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/sysdev-bootloaders.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+\chapterframe{Bootloaders}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Bootloaders}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The bootloader is a piece of code responsible for
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Basic hardware initialization
+ \item Loading of an application binary, usually an operating
+ system kernel, from flash storage, from the network, or from
+ another type of non-volatile storage.
+ \item Possibly decompression of the application binary
+ \item Execution of the application
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Besides these basic functions, most bootloaders provide a
+ shell with various commands implementing different operations.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Loading of data from storage or network, memory inspection,
+ hardware diagnostics and testing, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Bootloaders on x86 (1)}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The x86 processors are typically bundled on a board with a
+ non-volatile memory containing a program, the BIOS.
+ \item This program gets executed by the CPU after reset, and is
+ responsible for basic hardware initialization and loading of a
+ small piece of code from non- volatile storage.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item This piece of code is usually the first 512 bytes of a
+ storage device
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item This piece of code is usually a 1st stage bootloader, which
+ will load the full bootloader itself.
+ \item The bootloader can then offer all its features. It typically
+ understands filesystem formats so that the kernel file can be
+ loaded directly from a normal filesystem.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-bootloaders/x86-bootloader-sequence.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Bootloaders on x86 (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item GRUB, Grand Unified Bootloader, the most powerful one.\\
+ \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Can read many filesystem formats to load the kernel image
+ and the configuration, provides a powerful shell with various
+ commands, can load kernel images over the network, etc.
+ \item See our dedicated presentation for details:\\
+ \url{http://free-electrons.com/docs/grub/}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Syslinux, for network and removable media booting (USB key, CD-ROM)\\
+ \small\url{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/boot/syslinux/}\normalsize
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Booting on embedded CPUs: case 1}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When powered, the CPU starts executing code at a fixed address
+ \item There is no other booting mechanism provided by the CPU
+ \item The hardware design must ensure that a NOR flash chip is
+ wired so that it is accessible at the address at which the CPU
+ starts executing instructions
+ \item The first stage bootloader must be programmed at this
+ address in the NOR
+ \item NOR is mandatory, because it allows random access, which
+ NAND doesn't allow
+ \item {\bf Not very common anymore} (unpractical, and requires NOR
+ flash)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-bootloaders/booting-from-nor.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Booting on embedded CPUs: case 2}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The CPU has an integrated boot code in ROM
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item BootROM on AT91 CPUs, “ROM code†on OMAP, etc.
+ \item Exact details are CPU-dependent
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item This boot code is able to load a first stage bootloader from a
+ storage device into an internal SRAM (DRAM not initialized yet)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Storage device can typically be: MMC, NAND, SPI Flash, UART,
+ etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The first stage bootloader is
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Limited in size due to hardware constraints (SRAM size)
+ \item Provided either by the CPU vendor or through community projects
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item This first stage bootloader must initialize DRAM and other
+ hardware devices and load a second stage bootloader into RAM
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Booting on ARM Atmel AT91}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-bootloaders/at91-boot.pdf}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \footnotesize
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf RomBoot}: tries to find a valid bootstrap image from
+ various storage sources, and load it into SRAM (DRAM not
+ initialized yet). Size limited to 4 KB. No user interaction
+ possible in standard boot mode.
+ \item {\bf AT91Bootstrap}: runs from SRAM. Initializes the DRAM,
+ the NAND or SPI controller, and loads the secondary bootloader
+ into RAM and starts it. No user interaction possible.
+ \item {\bf U-Boot}: runs from RAM. Initializes some other hardware
+ devices (network, USB, etc.). Loads the kernel image from
+ storage or network to RAM and starts it. Shell with commands
+ provided.
+ \item {\bf Linux Kernel}: runs from RAM. Takes over the system
+ completely (bootloaders no longer exists).
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Booting on ARM OMAP3}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-bootloaders/omap-boot.pdf}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \footnotesize
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf ROM Code}: tries to find a valid bootstrap image from
+ various storage sources, and load it into SRAM or RAM (RAM can
+ be initialized by ROM code through a configuration header). Size
+ limited to \textless 64 KB. No user interaction possible.
+ \item {\bf X-Loader}: runs from SRAM. Initializes the DRAM, the
+ NAND or MMC controller, and loads the secondary bootloader into
+ RAM and starts it. No user interaction possible. File called
+ \code{MLO}.
+ \item {\bf U-Boot}: runs from RAM. Initializes some other hardware
+ devices (network, USB, etc.). Loads the kernel image from
+ storage or network to RAM and starts it. Shell with commands
+ provided. File called \code{u-boot.bin}.
+ \item {\bf Linux Kernel}: runs from RAM. Takes over the system
+ completely (bootloaders no longer exists).
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Generic bootloaders for embedded CPUs}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item We will focus on the generic part, the main bootloader, offering
+ the most important features.
+ \item There are several open-source generic bootloaders.\\
+ Here are the most popular ones:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf U-Boot}, the universal bootloader by Denx\\
+ The most used on ARM, also used on PPC, MIPS, x86, m68k, NIOS,
+ etc. The de-facto standard nowadays. We will study it in detail.\\
+ \url{http://www.denx.de/wiki/U-Boot}
+ \item {\bf Barebox}, a new architecture-neutral bootloader, written
+ as a successor of U-Boot. Better design, better code, active
+ development, but doesn't yet have as much hardware support as U-Boot.\\
+ \url{http://www.barebox.org}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item There are also a lot of other open-source or proprietary
+ bootloaders, often architecture-specific
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item RedBoot, Yaboot, PMON, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/x86-bootloader-sequence.dia b/slides/sysdev-bootloaders/x86-bootloader-sequence.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f65c84a
--- /dev/null
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:string>#Stage 1#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:string>#512 bytes
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-busybox/sysdev-busybox.tex b/slides/sysdev-busybox/sysdev-busybox.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30029b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-busybox/sysdev-busybox.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+\chapterframe
+{Busybox}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Why Busybox ?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A Linux system needs a basic set of programs to work
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An init program
+ \item A shell
+ \item Various basic utilities for file manipulation and system
+ configuration
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item In normal Linux systems, those programs are provided by
+ different projects
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{coreutils}, \code{bash}, \code{grep}, \code{sed},
+ \code{tar}, \code{wget}, \code{modutils}, etc. are all different
+ projects
+ \item A lot of different components to integrate
+ \item Components not designed with embedded systems constraints in
+ mind: they are not very configurable and have a wide range of
+ features
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Busybox is an alternative solution, extremely common on
+ embedded systems
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{General purpose toolbox: BusyBox}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Rewrite of many useful Unix command line utilities
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Integrated into a single project, which makes it easy to
+ work with
+ \item Designed with embedded systems in mind: highly configurable,
+ no unnecessary features
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item All the utilities are compiled into a single executable,
+ \code{/bin/busybox}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Symbolic links to \code{/bin/busybox} are created for each
+ application integrated into Busybox
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item For a fairly featureful configuration, less than 500 KB
+ (statically compiled with uClibc) or less than 1 MB (statically
+ compiled with glibc).
+ \item \url{http://www.busybox.net/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{BusyBox commands!}
+ Commands available in BusyBox 1.13
+ \begin{spacing}{0}
+ \tiny
+ \code{[, [[ , addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arp, arping, ash, awk, basename, bbconfig, bbsh, brctl, bunzip2, busybox, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, catv, chat, chattr, chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp, comm, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cryptpw, cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod, devfsd, df, dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg_deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, e2fsck, echo, ed, egrep, eject, env, envdir, envuidgid, ether_wake, expand, expr, fakeidentd, false, fbset, fbsplash, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fetchmail, fgrep, find, findfs, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsck_minix, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getenforce, getopt, getsebool, getty, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hush, hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifenslave, ifup, inetd, init, inotifyd, insmod, install, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_m
ode, kill, killall, killall5, klogd, lash, last, length, less, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, load_policy, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr, ls, lsattr, lsmod, lzmacat, makedevs, man, matchpathcon, md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom, mkdir, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs_minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, msh, mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nice, nmeter, nohup, nslookup, od, openvt, parse, passwd, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, poweroff, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pwd, raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readahead, readlink, readprofile, realpath, reboot, renice, reset, resize, restorecon, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, rtcwake, run_parts, runcon, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script, sed, selinuxenabled, sendmail, seq, sestatus, setarch, setconsole, setenforce, setfiles, setfont, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setsebool, setsid, setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, showkey, slattach, sleep, softlimit
, sort, split, start_stop_daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sulogin, sum, sv, svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, ttysize, tune2fs, udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd, umount, uname, uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlzma, unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, zcip}
+ \end{spacing}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Applet highlight: Busybox init}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Busybox provides an implementation of an \code{init} program
+ \item Simpler than the init implementation found on desktop/server
+ systems: no runlevels are implemented
+ \item A single configuration file: \code{/etc/inittab}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Each line has the form \code{<id>::<action>:<process>}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Allows to run services at startup, and to make sure that
+ certain services are always running on the system
+ \item See \code{examples/inittab} in Busybox for details on the
+ configuration
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Applet highlight - BusyBox vi}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item If you are using BusyBox, adding vi supports only adds
+ 20K. (built with shared libraries, using uClibc).
+ \item You can select which exact features to compile in.
+ \item Users hardly realize that they are using a lightweight vi
+ version!
+ \item Tip: you can learn vi on the desktop, by running the vimtutor
+ command.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Configuring BusyBox}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Get the latest stable sources from \url{http://busybox.net}
+ \item Configure BusyBox (creates a \code{.config} file):
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{make defconfig}\\
+ Good to begin with BusyBox.\\
+ Configures BusyBox with all options for regular users.
+ \item \code{make allnoconfig}\\
+ Unselects all options. Good to configure only what you need.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{make xconfig} (graphical, needs the libqt3-mt-dev package)\\
+ or \code{make menuconfig} (text)\\
+ Same configuration interfaces as the ones used by the Linux kernel
+ (though older versions are used).
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{BusyBox make xconfig}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ You can choose:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item the commands to compile,
+ \item and even the command options and features that you need!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-busybox/xconfig-screenshot.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Compiling BusyBox}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Set the cross-compiler prefix in the configuration interface: \\
+ \code{BusyBox Settings -> Build Options -> Cross Compiler
+ prefix}\\
+ Example: \code{arm-linux-}
+ \item Set the installation directory in the configuration interface: \\
+ \code{BusyBox Settings -> Installation Options -> BusyBox
+ installation prefix}
+ \item Add the cross-compiler path to the PATH environment variable:\\
+ \code{export PATH=/usr/xtools/arm-unknown-linux-uclibcgnueabi/bin:$PATH}
+ \item Compile BusyBox:\\
+ \code{make}
+ \item Install it (this creates a Unix directory structure symbolic
+ links to the \code{busybox} executable):\\
+ \code{make install}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Practical lab – A tiny embedded system}
+{
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Make Linux boot on a directory on your workstation, shared by NFS
+ \item Create and configure a minimalistic Linux embedded system
+ \item Install and use BusyBox
+ \item System startup with \code{/sbin/init}
+ \item Setup a simple web interface
+ \item Use shared libraries
+ \end{itemize}
+}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-busybox/xconfig-screenshot.png b/slides/sysdev-busybox/xconfig-screenshot.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c71b9d5
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-busybox/xconfig-screenshot.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-dev-environment/host-vs-target.dia b/slides/sysdev-dev-environment/host-vs-target.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3fb8d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-dev-environment/host-vs-target.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
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+ <dia:rectangle val="9.55,7.35;12.12,8.6675"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Host#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
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+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Target#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.35,8.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:string>#x86 or x86_64 PC
+Full-featured Linux
+desktop system#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
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+ <dia:string>#ARM, PowerPC, MIPS,
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+More minimalistic
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-dev-environment/linux-as-development-os.dia b/slides/sysdev-dev-environment/linux-as-development-os.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..353dc49
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-dev-environment/sysdev-dev-environment.tex b/slides/sysdev-dev-environment/sysdev-dev-environment.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0d12a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-dev-environment/sysdev-dev-environment.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+\chapterframe{Embedded Linux development environment}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Embedded Linux solutions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Two ways to switch to embedded Linux
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Use {\bf solutions provided and supported by vendors} like
+ MontaVista, Wind River or TimeSys. These solutions come with
+ their own development tools and environment. They use a mix of
+ open-source components and proprietary tools.
+ \item Use {\bf community solutions}. They are completely open,
+ supported by the community.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item In Free Electrons training sessions, we do not promote a particular
+ vendor, and therefore use community solutions
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item However, knowing the concepts, switching to vendor solutions will be easy
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{OS for Linux development}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item We strongly recommend to use Linux as the desktop operating
+ system to embedded Linux developers, for multiple reasons.
+ \item All community tools are developed and designed to run on
+ Linux. Trying to use them on other operating systems (Windows, Mac
+ OS X) will lead to trouble, and their usage on those systems is
+ generally not supported by community developers.
+ \item As Linux also runs on the embedded device, all the knowledge
+ gained from using Linux on the desktop will apply similarly to the
+ embedded device.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-dev-environment/linux-as-development-os.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Desktop Linux distribution}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \begin{column}{0.7\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Any good and sufficiently recent Linux desktop
+ distribution} can be used for the development workstation
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, openSUSE, Red Hat, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item We have chosen Ubuntu, as it is a {\bf widely used and easy to
+ use} desktop Linux distribution
+ \item The Ubuntu setup on the training laptops has intentionally
+ been left untouched after the normal installation
+ process. Learning embedded Linux is also about learning the tools
+ needed on the development workstation!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{column}
+ \begin{column}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-dev-environment/ubuntu.png}
+ \end{column}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux root and non-root users}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linux is a multi-user operating system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The {\bf root user is the administrator}, and it can do
+ privileged operations such as: mounting filesystems, configuring
+ the network, creating device files, changing the system
+ configuration, installing or removing software
+ \item All {\bf other users are unprivileged}, and cannot perform
+ those administrator- level operations
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item On an Ubuntu system, it is not possible to log in as
+ \code{root}, only as a normal user.
+ \item The system has been configured so that the user account
+ created first is allowed to run privileged operations through a
+ program called \code{sudo}.\\
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Example: \code{sudo mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/disk}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Software packages}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The distribution mechanism for software in GNU/Linux is
+ different from the one in Windows
+ \item Linux distributions provides a central and coherent way of
+ installing, updating and removing applications and libraries:
+ {\bf packages}
+ \item Packages contains the application or library files, and
+ associated meta- information, such as the version and the
+ dependencies
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{.deb} on Debian and Ubuntu, \code{.rpm} on Red Hat,
+ Fedora, openSUSE
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Packages are stored in {\bf repositories}, usually on HTTP or
+ FTP servers
+ \item One should only use packages from official repositories of its
+ distribution, unless strictly required.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Managing software packages (1)}
+ Instructions for Debian based GNU/Linux systems\\
+ (Debian, Ubuntu...)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Package repositories are specified in \code{/etc/apt/sources.list}
+ \item To update package repository lists:\\
+ \code{sudo apt-get update}
+ \item To find the name of a package to install, the best is to use
+ the search engine on \url{http://packages.debian.org} or on
+ \url{http://packages.ubuntu.com}. You may
+ also use:\\
+ \code{apt-cache search <keyword>}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Managing software packages (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item To install a given package:\\
+ \code{sudo apt-get install <package>}
+ \item To remove a given package:\\
+ \code{sudo apt-get remove <package>}
+ \item To install all available package updates:\\
+ \code{sudo apt-get dist-upgrade}
+ \item Get information about a package:\\
+ \code{apt-cache show <package>}
+ \item Graphical interfaces
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Synaptic for GNOME
+ \item KPackageKit for KDE
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ Further details on package management:\\
+ \url{http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Host vs. target}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When doing embedded development, there is always a split between
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The {\em host}, the development workstation, which is
+ typically a powerful PC
+ \item The {\em target}, which is the embedded system under
+ development
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item They are connected by various means: almost always a serial
+ line for debugging purposes, frequently an Ethernet connection,
+ sometimes a JTAG for low- level debugging
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-dev-environment/host-vs-target.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Serial line communication program}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An essential tool for embedded development is a serial line
+ communication program, like HyperTerminal in Windows.
+ \item There are multiple options available in Linux: Minicom,
+ Picocom, Gtkterm, Putty, etc.
+ \item In this training session, we recommend using the simplest of
+ them: \code{picocom}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Installation with \code{sudo apt-get install picocom}
+ \item Run with \code{picocom -b BAUD_RATE /dev/SERIAL_DEVICE}
+ \item Exit with \code{Control-A Control-X}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{SERIAL_DEVICE} is typically
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{ttyUSBx} for USB to serial converters
+ \item \code{ttySx} for real serial ports
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Command line tips}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Using the command line is mandatory for many operations needed
+ for embedded Linux development
+ \item It is a very powerful way of interacting with the system, with
+ which you can save a lot of time.
+ \item Some useful tips
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You can use several tabs in the Gnome Terminal
+ \item Remember that you can use relative paths (for example:
+ \code{../../linux}) in addition to absolute paths (for example:
+ \code{/home/user})
+ \item In a shell, hit \code{[Control] [r]}, then a keyword, will
+ search through the command history. Hit \code{[Control] [r]}
+ again to search backwards in the history
+ \item You can copy/paste paths directly from the file manager to
+ the terminal by drag-and-drop.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Training setup}
+{
+ Prepare your lab environment:\\
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Download the lab archive
+ \item Enforce correct permissions
+ \end{itemize}
+}
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/android.png b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/android.png
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new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-dependencies-size.dia b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-dependencies-size.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74966e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-dependencies-size.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,859 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
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+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O4" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.75,1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.0063,1;22.4938,1.79"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Utils#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.84666663408279419"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.75,1.63"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.75,11.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.3825,10.8525;24.1175,11.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Total: ~710 KB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.75,11.4475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.6,2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="7.55,1.95;12.65,10.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="7.6,2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="8.5999999999999996"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="8,3.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="7.95,3.55;12.05,5.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="8,3.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="8,6.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="7.95,6.55;12.05,8.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="8,6.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10,4.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="8.58875,3.82625;11.4112,5.37375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#library
+~450 KB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="10,4.42125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O15" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O18">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10,7.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="8.58875,6.82625;11.4112,8.37375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#plugins
+~200 KB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="10,7.42125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O16" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O19">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.1,2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="8.65875,2;11.5413,2.79"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#DirectFB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.84666663408279419"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.1,2.63"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O14" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O20">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.1,10.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="7.7325,9.8525;12.4675,10.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Total: ~650 KB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.1,10.4475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O14" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O21">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.6,6.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.55,5.9382;17.1118,6.6618"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="12.6,6.3"/>
+ <dia:point val="17,6.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O14" connection="4"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O1" connection="3"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O22">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="8.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="8.5,11.905;13.745,12.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Total: ~1.4 MB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="8.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O23">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.9725,12.0275;26.0275,13.255"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Note: some of these dependencies
+are optional. This is a typical setup.#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-morphine.png b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-morphine.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec4b29a
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-morphine.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/fedora.png b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/fedora.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bc9cab
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/fedora.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gnome-mobile.png b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gnome-mobile.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b06e877
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gnome-mobile.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-backends.dia b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-backends.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d1966f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-backends.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.45,0.45;18.05,2.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.45,2.95;18.05,4.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.8882,1.95;15.6118,3.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,2"/>
+ <dia:point val="15.25,3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O1" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.45,5.45;18.05,7.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,4.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.8882,4.45;15.6118,5.6118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,4.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="15.25,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O3" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.45,7.95;18.05,9.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.8882,6.95;15.6118,8.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,7"/>
+ <dia:point val="15.25,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O3" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O5" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.45,11.95;18.05,13.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.45,14.45;18.05,16.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.8882,13.45;15.6118,14.6118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,13.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="15.25,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O7" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O8" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.45,16.95;18.05,18.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,16"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.8882,15.95;15.6118,17.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,16"/>
+ <dia:point val="15.25,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O8" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O10" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,19.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.45,19.45;18.05,21.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,19.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,18.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.8882,18.45;15.6118,19.6118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,18.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="15.25,19.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O10" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O12" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,1.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.9275,0.87625;16.5725,1.62375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Gtk-DFB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,1.47125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,3.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.8887,3.37625;16.6112,4.12375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#DirectFB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,3.97125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,17.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.2438,17.3762;16.2563,18.1237"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,17.9712"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O10" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,8.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.7037,8.37625;16.7963,9.12375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Hardware#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,8.97125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O18">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,12.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.6925,12.3763;15.8075,13.1238"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Gtk#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,12.9713"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O7" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O19">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,15.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.2387,14.8763;17.2613,15.6238"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#X.org KDrive#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,15.4713"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O8" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O20">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,6.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.2438,5.87625;16.2563,6.62375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,6.47125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O3" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O21">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,20.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.7037,19.8762;16.7963,20.6237"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Hardware#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.25,20.4712"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O12" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-dependencies-size.dia b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-dependencies-size.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7169c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-dependencies-size.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1551 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="9.95,3.95;15.0375,15.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="10,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4.9874999999999989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.5,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="10.45,5.45;14.55,7.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="10.5,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.5,7.5"/>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/roku-netflix-gui.jpg b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/roku-netflix-gui.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c50a45b
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/roku-netflix-gui.jpg differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/sysdev-embedded-linux.tex b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/sysdev-embedded-linux.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdef867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/sysdev-embedded-linux.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,1880 @@
+\chapterframe{Embedded Linux system development}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Contents}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Using open-source components
+ \item Tools for the target device
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Networking
+ \item System utilities
+ \item Language interpreters
+ \item Audio, video and multimedia
+ \item Graphical toolkits
+ \item Databases
+ \item Web browsers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item System building
+ \item Commercial tool sets and distributions
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Leveraging open-source components in an Embedded Linux system}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Third party libraries and applications}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item One of the advantages of embedded Linux is the wide range of
+ third-party libraries and applications that one can leverage in
+ its product
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They are freely available, freely distributable, and thanks
+ to their open-source nature, they can be analyzed and modified
+ according to the needs of the project
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item However, efficiently re-using these components is not always
+ easy. One must:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Find these components
+ \item Choose the most appropriate ones
+ \item Cross-compile them
+ \item Integrate them in the embedded system and with the other
+ applications
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Find existing components}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Freecode, a website referencing most open-source projects\\
+ \url{http://www.freecode.com}
+ \item Free Software Directory\\
+ \url{http://directory.fsf.org}
+ \item Look at other embedded Linux products, and see what their
+ components are
+ \item Look at the list of software packaged by embedded Linux build
+ systems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item These are typically chosen for their suitability to embedded
+ systems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Ask the community or Google
+ \item This presentation will also feature a list of components for
+ common needs
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Choosing components}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Not all free software components are necessarily good to
+ re-use. One must pay attention to:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Vitality} of the developer and user communities. This
+ vitality ensures long-term maintenance of the component, and
+ relatively good support. It can be measured by looking at the
+ mailing-list traffic and the version control system activity.
+ \item {\bf Quality} of the component. Typically, if a component is
+ already available through embedded build systems, and has a
+ dynamic user community, it probably means that the quality is
+ relatively good.
+ \item {\bf License}. The license of the component must match your
+ licensing constraints. For example, GPL libraries cannot be used
+ in proprietary applications.
+ \item {\bf Technical requirements}. Of course, the component must
+ match your technical requirements. But don't forget that you can
+ improve the existing components if a feature is missing !
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Licenses (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item All software that are under a free software license give four
+ freedoms to all users
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Freedom to use
+ \item Freedom to study
+ \item Freedom to copy
+ \item Freedom to modify and distribute modified copies
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item See \url{http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html} for a
+ definition of Free Software
+ \item Open Source software, as per the definition of the Open Source
+ Initiative, are technically similar to Free Software in terms of
+ freedoms
+ \item See \url{http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd} for the definition of
+ Open Source Software
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Licenses (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Free Software licenses fall in two main categories
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The copyleft licenses
+ \item The non-copyleft licenses
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The concept of {\em copyleft} is to ask for reciprocity in the
+ freedoms given to a user.
+ \item The result is that when you receive a software under a
+ copyleft free software license and distribute modified versions of
+ it, you must do so under the same license
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Same freedoms to the new users
+ \item It's an incentive to contribute back your changes instead of
+ keeping them secret
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Non-copyleft licenses have no such requirements, and modified
+ versions can be kept proprietary, but they still require
+ attribution
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{GPL}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf GNU General Public License}
+ \item Covers around 55\% of the free software projects
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Including the Linux kernel, Busybox and many applications
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Is a copyleft license
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Requires derivative works to be released under the same
+ license
+ \item Programs linked with a library released under the GPL must
+ also be released under the GPL
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Some programs covered by version 2 (Linux kernel, Busybox and
+ others)
+ \item More and more programs covered by version 3, released in 2007
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Major change for the embedded market: the requirement that
+ the user must be able to {\bf run} the modified versions on the
+ device, if the device is a {\em consumer} device
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{GPL: redistribution}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item No obligation when the software is not distributed
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You can keep your modifications secret until the product
+ delivery
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item It is then authorized to distribute binary versions, if one of
+ the following conditions is met:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Convey the binary with a copy of the source on a physical
+ medium
+ \item Convey the binary with a written offer valid for 3 years
+ that indicates how to fetch the source code
+ \item Convey the binary with the network address of a location
+ where the source code can be found
+ \item See section 6. of the GPL license
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item In all cases, the attribution and the license must be
+ preserved
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item See section 4. and 5.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{LGPL}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf GNU Lesser General Public License}
+ \item Covers around 10\% of the free software projects
+ \item A copyleft license
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Modified versions must be released under the same license
+ \item But, programs linked against a library under the LGPL do not
+ need to be released under the LGPL and can be kept proprietary
+ \item However, the user must keep the ability to update the
+ library independently from the program, so dynamic linking must
+ be used
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Used instead of the GPL for most of the libraries, including
+ the C libraries
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Some exceptions: MySQL, or Qt \textless = 4.4
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Also available in two versions, v2 and v3
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Licensing: examples}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You make modifications to the Linux kernel (to add drivers or
+ adapt to your board), to Busybox, U-Boot or other GPL software
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You must release the modified versions under the same
+ license, and be ready to distribute the source code to your
+ customers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item You make modifications to the C library or any other LGPL
+ library
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You must release the modified versions under the same
+ license
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item You create an application that relies on LGPL libraries
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You can keep your application proprietary, but you must link
+ dynamically with the LGPL libraries
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item You make modifications to a non-copyleft licensed software
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You can keep your modifications proprietary, but you must
+ still credit the authors
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Non-copyleft licenses}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A large family of non-copyleft licenses that are relatively
+ similar in their requirements
+ \item A few examples
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Apache license (around 4\%)
+ \item BSD license (around 6\%)
+ \item MIT license (around 4\%)
+ \item X11 license
+ \item Artistic license (around 9 \%)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{BSD license}
+ \begin{block}{}
+ \tiny
+ \begin{verbatim}
+Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+* Neither the name of the <organization> nor the names of its
+ contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+[...]
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Is this free software?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Most of the free software projects are covered by ~10
+ well-known licenses, so it is fairly easy for the majority of
+ project to get a good understanding of the license
+ \item Otherwise, read the license text
+ \item Check Free Software Foundation's opinion\\
+ \url{http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/}
+ \item Check Open Source Initiative's opinion\\
+ \url{http://www.opensource.org/licenses}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Respect free software licenses}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Free Software is not public domain software, the distributors
+ have obligations due to the licenses
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Before} using a free software component, make sure the
+ license matches your project constraints
+ \item Make sure to keep a complete list of the free software
+ packages you use, the original version you used and to keep your
+ modifications and adaptations well-separated from the original
+ version
+ \item Conform to the license requirements before shipping the
+ product to the customers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Free Software licenses have been enforced successfully in
+ courts
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item GPL-violations.org, \url{http://www.gpl-violations.org}
+ \item Software Freedom Law Center, \url{http://www.softwarefreedom.org/}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Ask your legal department !
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Keeping changes separate (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When integrating existing open-source components in your
+ project, it is sometimes needed to make modifications to them
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Better integration, reduced footprint, bug fixes, new
+ features, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Instead of mixing these changes, it is much better to keep
+ them separate from the original component version
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item If the component needs to be upgraded, easier to know what
+ modifications were made to the component
+ \item If support from the community is requested, important to
+ know how different the component we're using is from the
+ upstream version
+ \item Makes contributing the changes back to the community
+ possible
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item It is even better to keep the various changes made on a given
+ component separate
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Easier to review and to update to newer versions
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Keeping changes separate (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The simplest solution is to use Quilt
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Quilt is a tool that allows to maintain a stack of patches
+ over source code
+ \item Makes it easy to add, remove modifications from a patch, to
+ add and remove patches from stack and to update them
+ \item The stack of patches can be integrated into your version
+ control system
+ \item \url{https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt/}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Another solution is to use a version control system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Import the original component version into your version
+ control system
+ \item Maintain your changes in a separate branch
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Tools for the target device\\
+Networking}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{ssh server and client: Dropbear}
+ \url{http://matt.ucc.asn.au/dropbear/dropbear.html}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Very small memory footprint ssh server for embedded systems
+ \item Satisfies most needs. Both client and server!
+ \item Size: 110 KB, statically compiled with uClibc on i386.\\
+ (OpenSSH client and server: approx 1200 KB, dynamically compiled
+ with glibc on i386)
+ \item Useful to:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Get a remote console on the target device
+ \item Copy files to and from the target device (scp or rsync -e
+ ssh).
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item An alternative to OpenSSH, used on desktop and server systems.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Benefits of a web server interface}
+
+ Many network enabled devices can just have a network interface
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Examples: modems / routers, IP cameras, printers...
+ \item No need to develop drivers and applications for computers
+ connected to the device. No need to support multiple operating
+ systems!
+ \item Just need to develop static or dynamic HTML pages (possibly
+ with powerful client-side JavaScript).\\
+ Easy way of providing access to device information and parameters.
+ \item Reduced hardware costs (no LCD, very little storage space
+ needed)
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Web servers}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\em BusyBox http server}: \url{http://busybox.net}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Tiny: only adds 9 K to BusyBox (dynamically linked with
+ glibc on i386, with all features enabled.)
+ \item Sufficient features for many devices with a web interface,
+ including CGI, http authentication and script support (like
+ PHP, with a separate interpreter).
+ \item License: GPL
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\em lighttpd}: \url{http://lighttpd.net}\\
+ Low footprint server good at managing high loads.\\
+ May be useful in embedded systems too
+ \item Other possibilities: {\em Boa}, {\em thttpd}, {\em nginx},
+ etc
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/busybox.png}\\
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/lighttpd.png}\\
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Network utilities (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf avahi} is an implementation of Multicast DNS Service
+ Discovery, that allows programs to publish and discover services
+ on a local network
+ \item {\bf bind}, a DNS server
+ \item {\bf iptables}, the userspace tools associated to the Linux firewall, Netfilter
+ \item {\bf iw and wireless tools}, the userspace tools associated to Wireless devices
+ \item {\bf netsnmp}, implementation of the SNMP protocol
+ \item {\bf openntpd}, implementation of the Network Time Protocol,
+ for clock synchronization
+ \item {\bf openssl}, a toolkit for SSL and TLS connections
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Network utilities (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf pppd}, implementation of the Point to Point Protocol,
+ used for dial-up connections
+ \item {\bf samba}, implements the SMB and CIFS protocols, used by
+ Windows to share files and printers
+ \item {\bf coherence}, a UPnP/DLNA implementation
+ \item {\bf vsftpd}, proftpd, FTP servers
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Tools for the target device\\
+System utilities}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{System utilities}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf dbus}, an inter-application object-oriented communication bus
+ \item {\bf gpsd}, a daemon to interpret and share GPS data
+ \item {\bf hal}, the Hardware Abstraction Layer suite. A daemon that
+ receives hardware notifications, maintains a database of available
+ hardware devices and offers a D-Bus interface
+ \item {\bf libraw1394}, raw access to Firewire devices
+ \item {\bf libusb}, a userspace library for accessing USB devices
+ without writing an in-kernel driver
+ \item Utilities for kernel subsystems: {\bf i2c-tools} for I2C, {\bf
+ input-tools} for input, {\bf mtd-utils} for MTD devices, {\bf
+ usbutils} for USB devices
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Tools for the target device\\
+Language interpreters}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Language interpreters}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Interpreters for the most common scripting languages are
+ available. Useful for
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Application development
+ \item Web services development
+ \item Scripting
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Languages supported
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Lua
+ \item Python
+ \item Perl
+ \item Ruby
+ \item TCL
+ \item PHP
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Tools for the target device\\
+Audio, video and multimedia}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Audio, video and multimedia}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf gstreamer}, a multimedia framework
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows to decode/encode a wide variety of codecs.
+ \item Supports hardware encoders and decoders through plugins.\\
+ No more need to compile your application against each codec that
+ it should support.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf alsa-lib}, the userspace tools associated to the ALSA sound
+ kernel subsystem
+ \item Directly using encoding and decoding libraries, if you decide
+ not to use gstreamer:\\
+ libavcodec, libogg, libtheora, libvpx, flac, libvorbis, libmad,
+ libsndfile, speex, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Tools for the target device\\
+Graphical toolkits}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Graphical toolkits\\
+``Low-level'' solutions and layers}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{DirectFB (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Low-level graphical library
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Lines, rectangles, triangles drawing and filling
+ \item Blitting, flipping
+ \item Text drawing
+ \item Windows and transparency
+ \item Image loading and video display
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item But also handles input event handling: mouse, keyboard, joystick,
+ touchscreen, etc.
+ \item Provides accelerated graphic operations on various hardware, more can be
+ added in an easy way
+ \item Integrated windowing infrastructure
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{DirectFB (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Single-application by default, but multiple applications can
+ share the framebuffer thanks to {\em fusion}
+ \item Actively maintained and developed. Relatively small community,
+ as many developers rather use higher level solutions.
+ \item License: LGPL 2.1
+ \item \url{http://www.directfb.org}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{DirectFB: size and dependencies}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-dependencies-size.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{DirectFB: architecture}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-architecture.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{DirectFB: usage (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Multimedia applications
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item For example the Disko framework, for set-top box related
+ applications
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item ``Simple'' graphical applications
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Industrial control
+ \item Device control with limited number of widgets
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Visualization applications
+ \item As a lower layer for higher-level graphical libraries
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{DirectFB: usage (2)}
+ \frametitle{DirectFB: architecture}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-morphine.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{X.org - KDrive}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Stand-alone simplified version of the X server, for embedded
+ systems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Formerly know as Tiny-X
+ \item Kdrive is integrated in the official X.org server
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Works on top of the Linux frame buffer, thanks to the Xfbdev
+ variant of the server
+ \item Real X server
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Fully supports the X11 protocol: drawing, input event
+ handling, etc.
+ \item Allows to use any existing X11 application or library
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Actively developed and maintained
+ \item X11 license
+ \item \url{http://www.x.org}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kdrive: size and dependencies}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg-dependencies-size.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kdrive: architecture}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg-architecture.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kdrive: usage}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Can be directly programmed using Xlib / XCB
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Low-level graphic library
+ \item Probably doesn't make sense since DirectFB is a more
+ lightweight solution for an API of roughly the same level (no
+ widgets)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Or, usually used with a toolkit on top of it
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Gtk
+ \item Qt
+ \item Fltk
+ \item WxEmbedded
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Graphical toolkits\\
+``High-level'' solutions}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Gtk}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The famous toolkit, providing widget-based high-level APIs to
+ develop graphical applications
+ \item Standard API in C, but bindings exist for various languages:
+ C++, Python, etc.
+ \item Two GDK back-ends
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The classical Xorg back-end
+ \item The DirectFB back-end, which removes the need for an Xorg
+ server
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item No windowing system, a lightweight window manager needed to
+ run several applications. Possible solution: Matchbox.
+ \item License: LGPL
+ \item \url{http://www.gtk.org}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-backends.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Gtk-DFB: dependencies and size}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.7\textheight]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-dependencies-size.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Gtk stack components}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Glib}, core infrastructure
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Object-oriented infrastructure GObject
+ \item Event loop, threads, asynchronous queues, plug-ins, memory
+ allocation, I/O channels, string utilities, timers, date and
+ time, internationalization, simple XML parser, regular
+ expressions
+ \item Data types: memory slices and chunks, linked lists, arrays,
+ trees, hash tables, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Pango}, internationalization of text handling
+ \item {\bf ATK}, accessibility toolkit
+ \item {\bf Cairo}, vector graphics library
+ \item {\bf Gtk+}, the widget library itself
+ \item {\em The Gtk stack is a complete framework to develop applications}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{GNOME Mobile}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The Gtk stack is part of the larger GNOME Mobile platform
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.7\textheight]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gnome-mobile.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Gtk examples}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/openmoko-gui.png}\\
+ OM 2007.2 platform on {\em OpenMoko} phone
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/vernier-gui.jpg}\\
+ Interface of {\em Vernier} data acquisition and visualization systems
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Qt (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The other famous toolkit, providing widget-based high-level APIs to
+ develop graphical applications
+ \item {\em Qt for Embedded Linux}, formerly known as Qtopia Core, is
+ the version of Qt that runs on top of a frame buffer\\
+ \url{http://doc.qt.nokia.com/stable/qt-embedded-linux.html}
+ \item Implemented in C++
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item the C++ library is required on the target system
+ \item standard API in C++, but with bindings for other languages
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Works either on top of
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Framebuffer
+ \item X11
+ \item DirectFB back-end integrated in version 4.4, which allows to take
+ advantage of the acceleration provided by DirectFB drivers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Qt (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Qt is more than just a graphical toolkit, it also offers a
+ complete development framework: data structures, threads, network,
+ databases, XML, etc.
+ \item See our presentation {\em Qt for non graphical applications}
+ presentation at ELCE 2011 (Thomas Petazzoni):
+ \url{http://j.mp/tUfUzk}
+ \item Qt Embedded has an integrated windowing system, allowing
+ several applications to share the same screen
+ \item Very well documented
+ \item Since version 4.5, available under the LGPL, allowing
+ proprietary applications
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Qt: size and dependencies}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/qt-dependencies-size.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Qt's usage}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/dash-express-gui.jpg}\\
+ Qt on the Dash Express navigation system
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/roku-netflix-gui.jpg}\\
+ Qt on the Netflix player by Roku
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Other less used solutions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Enlightenment foundation libraries
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Very powerful, but complicated to use due to the lack of
+ documentation
+ \item \url{http://www.enlightenment.org/p.php?p=about/efl}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item FLTK
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Lightweight C++ toolkit. Version 2.x works only on top of
+ X.org. Used by relatively few applications.
+ \item \url{http://www.fltk.org}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item WxEmbedded
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The embedded version of WxWindows. Works on top of X.org and DirectFB
+ \item \url{http://www.wxwidgets.org/docs/embedded.htm}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Tools for the target device\\
+Databases}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Lightweight database - SQLite}
+ \url{http://www.sqlite.org}
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item SQLite is a small C library that implements a self-contained,
+ embeddable, lightweight, zero-configuration SQL database engine
+ \item The database engine of choice for embedded Linux systems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Can be used as a normal library
+ \item Can be directly embedded into a application, even a
+ proprietary one since SQLite is released in the public domain
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Tools for the target device\\
+Web browsers}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Fast and tiny web browser: Dillo}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://www.dillo.org/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Very fast, lightweight web browser written in C/C++, with a
+ FLTK2 interface
+ \item The Dillo binary fits in 940 KB on x86 (doesn't include the
+ FLTK2 shared libraries)
+ \item License: GPL
+ \item Supports many standard features: cookies, images, tables,
+ CSS... Extensible through plugins (e.g. ftp)
+ \item Fits well on small screens
+ \item Still missing: frames, JavaScript
+ \item A good solution if your product just needs to display its
+ own HTML pages. Not sufficient as a general purpose web
+ browser.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/dillo.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Full featured browser: Mozilla Firefox}
+ \url{http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Lightweight and fast browser based on Mozilla
+ \item Full featured: CSS, SSL, JavaScript, tabbed browsing, pop-up
+ blocking..., but very easy to configure.
+ \item Takes around 40 MB of RAM with 8 tabs open. Need 25 MB of
+ storage space (Sharp Zaurus)
+ \item Designed to be cross-platform. Already used in embedded
+ systems with sufficient screen resolution (web pads, high-end
+ PDAs)
+ \item Great for consumers appliances. Looks familiar to consumers:
+ the default theme recalls IE.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{WebKit}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://webkit.org/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Web browser engine. Application framework that can be used
+ to develop web browsers.
+ \item License: portions in LGPL and others in BSD. Proprietary
+ applications allowed.
+ \item Used everywhere (MacOS X, iPhone, Google Android and
+ Chrome...). Many applications (browsers, e-mail clients...) are
+ already using WebKit:
+ \url{http://trac.webkit.org/wiki/Applications using WebKit}
+ \item Multiple graphical back-ends: Qt4, GTK...
+ \item Lightweight web-browsers: Midori (GTK), Arora (Qt)
+ \item You could use it to create your custom browser.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/webkit.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{Example of components used in real devices}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Industrial applications}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item In many industrial applications, the system is only
+ responsible for monitoring and control a device
+ \item Such a system is usually relatively simple in terms of
+ components
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Kernel
+ \item BusyBox
+ \item C library
+ \item Applications relying directly on the C library, sometimes
+ using the real-time capabilities of the Linux kernel
+ \item Sometimes a Web server for remote control, or another server
+ implementing a custom protocol
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Digital Photo Frame: requirements}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Example taken from a conference of Matt Porter, Embedded Alley
+ at ELC 2008
+ \item Hardware: ARM SoC with DSP, audio, 800x600 LCD, MMC/SD, NAND,
+ buttons, speakers
+ \item The photo frame must be able to
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Display to the LCD
+ \item Detect SD card insertion, notify applications of the
+ insertion so that applications can build a catalog of the
+ pictures on the SD card
+ \item Modern 3D GUI with nice transitions
+ \item Navigation through buttons
+ \item Support audio playback (MP3, playlists, ID3 tag)
+ \item JPEG resizing and rotation
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Digital Photo Frame: components (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Base system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Components present in virtually all embedded Linux systems
+ \item The U-Boot bootloader
+ \item Linux Kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Drivers for SD/MMC, framebuffer, sound, input devices
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Busybox
+ \item Build system, in this case was OpenEmbedded
+ \item Components: {\bf u-boot}, {\bf Linux}, {\bf busybox}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Digital Photo Frame: components (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Event handling to detect SD card insertion
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item udev, that receives events from the kernel, creates device
+ nodes, and sends events to HAL
+ \item HAL, which maintains a database of available devices and
+ provides a D-Bus API
+ \item D-Bus to connect HAL with the application. The application
+ subscribes to HAL event through D-Bus and gets notified when
+ they are triggered
+ \item Components: {\bf udev}, {\bf hal}, {\bf dbus}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Digital Photo Frame: components (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item JPEG display
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf libjpeg} to decode the pictures
+ \item {\bf jpegtran} to resize and rotate them
+ \item {\bf FIM} (Fbi Improved) for dithering
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item MP3 support
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf libmad} for playing
+ \item {\bf libid3} for ID3 tags reading
+ \item {\bf libm3u} to support playlists
+ \item Used vendor-provided components to leverage the DSP to play
+ MP3
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Digital Photo Frame: components (4)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item 3D interface
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Vincent, an open-source implementation of OpenGL ES
+ \item Clutter, higher-level API to develop 3D applications
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Application itself
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Manages media events
+ \item Uses the JPEG libraries to decode and render pictures
+ \item Receives Linux input events from buttons and draws
+ OpenGL-based UI developed with Clutter
+ \item Manage a user-defined configuration
+ \item Play the music with the MP3-related libraries
+ \item Display photo slideshow
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{System building}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{System building: goal and solutions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Goal
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Integrate all the software components, both third-party and
+ in-house, into a working root filesystem
+ \item It involves the download, extraction, configuration,
+ compilation and installation of all components, and possibly
+ fixing issues and adapting configuration files
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Several solutions
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Manually
+ \item System building tools
+ \item Distributions or ready-made filesystems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{System building: manually}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Manually building a target system involves downloading,
+ configuring, compiling and installing all the components of the
+ system.
+ \item All the libraries and dependencies must be configured,
+ compiled and installed in the right order.
+ \item Sometimes, the build system used by libraries or applications
+ is not very cross-compile friendly, so some adaptations are
+ necessary.
+ \item There is no infrastructure to reproduce the build from
+ scratch, which might cause problems if one component needs to be
+ changed, if somebody else takes over the project, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{System building: manually (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Manual system building is not recommended for production
+ projects
+ \item However, using automated tools often requires the developer to
+ dig into specific issues
+ \item Having a basic understanding of how a system can be built
+ manually is therefore very useful to fix issues encountered with
+ automated tools
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item We will first study manual system building, and during a
+ practical lab, create a system using this method
+ \item Then, we will study the automated tools available, and use
+ one of them during a lab
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{System foundations}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A basic root file system needs at least
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A traditional directory hierarchy, with \code{/bin},
+ \code{/etc}, \code{/lib}, \code{/root}, \code{/usr/bin},
+ \code{/usr/lib}, \code{/usr/share}, \code{/usr/sbin},
+ \code{/var}, \code{/sbin}
+ \item A set of basic utilities, providing at least the \code{init}
+ program, a shell and other traditional Unix command line
+ tools. This is usually provided by {\em Busybox}
+ \item The C library and the related libraries (thread, math, etc.)
+ installed in \code{/lib}
+ \item A few configuration files, such as \code{/etc/inittab}, and
+ initialization scripts in \code{/etc/init.d}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item On top of this foundation common to most embedded Linux
+ system, we can add third-party or in-house components
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Target and build spaces}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The system foundation, Busybox and C library, are the core of
+ the target root filesystem
+ \item However, when building other components, one must distinguish
+ two directories
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The {\em target} space, which contains the target root
+ filesystem, everything that is needed for {\bf execution} of the
+ application
+ \item The {\em build} space, which will contain a lot more files
+ than the {\em target} space, since it is used to keep everything
+ needed to {\bf compile} libraries and applications. So we must
+ keep the headers, documentation, and other configuration files
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Build systems}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Each open-source component comes with a mechanism to
+ configure, compile and install it
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A basic simple \code{Makefile}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Need to read the \code{Makefile} to understand how it
+ works and how to tweak it for cross-compilation
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item A build system based on the {\em Autotools}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item As this is the most common build system, we will study it
+ in details
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item CMake, \url{http://www.cmake.org/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Newer and simpler than the {\em autotools}. Used by large
+ projects such as KDE or Second Life
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Scons, \url{http://www.scons.org/}
+ \item Waf, \url{http://code.google.com/p/waf/}
+ \item Other manual build systems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Autotools and friends}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A family of tools, which associated together form a complete
+ and extensible build system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf autoconf} is used to handle the configuration of the
+ software package
+ \item {\bf automake} is used to generate the Makefiles needed to
+ build the software package
+ \item {\bf pkgconfig} is used to ease compilation against already
+ installed shared libraries
+ \item {\bf libtool} is used to handle the generation of shared
+ libraries in a system-independent way
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Most of these tools are old and relatively complicated to use,
+ but they are used by a majority of free software packages
+ today. One must have a basic understanding of what they do and how
+ they work.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{automake / autoconf / autoheader}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/autotools.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{automake / autoconf}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Files written by the developer
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{configure.in} describes the configuration options and
+ the checks done at configure time
+ \item \code{Makefile.am} describes how the software should be
+ built
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The \code{configure} script and the \code{Makefile.in} files
+ are generated by \code{autoconf} and \code{automake} respectively.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They should never modified directly
+ \item They are usually shipped pre-generated in the software
+ package, because there are several versions of \code{autoconf}
+ and \code{automake}, and they are not completely compatible
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The \code{Makefile} files are generated at configure time, before
+ compiling
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They are never shipped in the software package.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Configuring and compiling: native case}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The traditional steps to configure and compile an autotools
+ based package are
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Configuration of the package\\
+ \code{./configure}
+ \item Compilation of the package\\
+ \code{make}
+ \item Installation of the package\\
+ \code{make install}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Additional arguments can be passed to the \code{./configure}
+ script to adjust the component configuration.
+ \item Only the \code{make install} needs to be done as root if the
+ installation should take place system-wide
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Configuring and compiling: cross case (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item For cross-compilation, things are a little bit more complicated.
+ \item At least some of the environment variables \code{AR},
+ \code{AS}, \code{LD}, \code{NM}, \code{CC}, \code{GCC},
+ \code{CPP}, \code{CXX}, \code{STRIP}, \code{OBJCOPY} must be
+ defined to point to the proper cross-compilation tools. The host
+ tuple is also by default used as prefix.
+ \item The \code{--host} argument must be passed to the configure script.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{--build} argument is automatically detected
+ \item \code{--target} is only for tools generating code.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item It is recommended to pass the \code{--prefix} argument. It
+ defines from which location the software will run in the target
+ environment. Usually, \code{/usr} is fine.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Configuring and compiling: cross case (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item If one simply runs make install, the software will be
+ installed in the directory passed as \code{--prefix}. For
+ cross-compiling, one must pass the \code{DESTDIR} argument to
+ specify where the software must be installed.
+ \item Making the distinction between the prefix (as passed with
+ \code{--prefix} at configure time) and the destination directory (as
+ passed with \code{DESTDIR} at installation time) is very important.
+ \item Example:
+\small
+\begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+export PATH=/usr/local/arm-linux/bin:$PATH
+export CC=arm-linux-gcc
+export STRIP=arm-linux-strip
+./configure --host=arm-linux --prefix=/usr
+make
+make DESTDIR=/home/<user>/work/rootfs install
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Installation (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The autotools based software packages provide both a
+ \code{install} and \code{install-strip} make targets, used to
+ install the software, either stripped or unstripped.
+ \item For applications, the software is usually installed in
+ \code{<prefix>/bin}, with configuration files in
+ \code{<prefix>/etc} and data in
+ \code{<prefix>/share/application>/}
+ \item The case of libraries is a little more complicated:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item In \code{<prefix>/lib}, the library itself (a
+ \code{.so.<version>}), a few symbolic links, and
+ the libtool description file (a \code{.la} file)
+ \item The {\em pkgconfig} description file in
+ \code{<prefix>/lib/pkgconfig}
+ \item Include files in \code{<prefix>/include/}
+ \item Sometimes a \code{<libname>-config} program in
+ \code{<prefix>/bin}
+ \item Documentation in \code{<prefix>/share/man} or
+ \code{<prefix>/share/doc/}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Installation (2)}
+
+Contents of \code{usr/lib} after installation of {\em libpng} and {\em
+ zlib}
+
+\scriptsize
+\begin{itemize}
+\item {\em libpng} libtool description files\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng12.la}\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng.la -> libpng12.la}
+\item {\em libpng} static version\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng12.a}\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng.a-> libpng12.a}
+\item {\em libpng} dynamic version\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng.so.3.32.0}\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng12.so.0.32.0}\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng12.so.0 -> libpng12.so.0.32.0}\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng12.so -> libpng12.so.0.32.0}\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng.so -> libpng12.so}\\
+ \code{./lib/libpng.so.3 -> libpng.so.3.32.0}
+\item {\em libpng} pkg-config description files\\
+ \code{./lib/pkgconfig/libpng12.pc}\\
+ \code{./lib/pkgconfig/libpng.pc -> libpng12.pc}
+\item {\em zlib} dynamic version\\
+ \code{./lib/libz.so.1.2.3}\\
+ \code{./lib/libz.so-> libz.so.1.2.3}\\
+ \code{./lib/libz.so.1 -> libz.so.1.2.3}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Installation in the build and target spaces}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item From all these files, everything except documentation is
+ necessary to build an application that relies on libpng.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item These files will go into the {\em build space}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item However, only the library \code{.so} binaries in
+ \code{<prefix>/lib} and some symbolic links are needed to execute
+ the application on the target.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Only these files will go in the {\em target space}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The build space must be kept in order to build other
+ applications or recompile existing applications.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{pkg-config}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{pkg-config} is a tool that allows to query a small
+ database to get information on how to compile programs that depend
+ on libraries
+ \item The database is made of \code{.pc} files, installed by default in
+ \code{<prefix>/lib/pkgconfig/}.
+ \item \code{pkg-config} is used by the configure scripts to get the
+ library configurations
+ \item It can also be used manually to compile an application:\\
+ \code{arm-linux-gcc -o test test.c $(pkg-config --libs --cflags thelib)}
+ \item By default, pkg-config looks in \code{/usr/lib/pkgconfig} for
+ the \code{*.pc} files, and assumes that the paths in these files
+ are correct.
+ \item \code{PKG_CONFIG_PATH} allows to set another location for the
+ \code{*.pc} files and \code{PKG_CONFIG_SYSROOT_DIR} to prepend a
+ prefix to the paths mentioned in the \code{.pc} files.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Let's find the libraries}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When compiling an application or a library that relies on
+ other libraries, the build process by default looks in
+ \code{/usr/lib} for libraries and \code{/usr/include} for headers.
+ \item The first thing to do is to set the \code{CFLAGS} and
+ \code{LDFLAGS} environment
+ variables:\\
+ \code{export CFLAGS=-I/my/build/space/usr/include/}\\
+ \code{export LDFLAGS=-L/my/build/space/usr/lib}
+ \item The libtool files (\code{.la} files) must be modified because they
+ include the absolute paths of the libraries:\\
+ \code{- libdir='/usr/lib'}\\
+ \code{+ libdir='/my/build/space/usr/lib}'
+ \item The \code{PKG_CONFIG_PATH} environment variable must be set to
+ the location of the .pc files and the
+ \code{PKG_CONFIG_SYSROOT_DIR} variable must be set to the build
+ space directory.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Manual cross-compiling}
+{
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Manually cross-compiling applications and libraries
+ \item Learning about common techniques and issues.
+ \end{itemize}
+}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{System building tools: principle}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Different tools are available to automate the process of
+ building a target system, including the kernel, and sometimes the
+ toolchain.
+ \item They automatically download, configure, compile and install
+ all the components in the right order, sometimes after applying
+ patches to fix cross- compiling issues.
+ \item They already contain a large number of packages, that should
+ fit your main requirements, and are easily extensible.
+ \item The build becomes reproducible, which allows to easily change
+ the configuration of some components, upgrade them, fix bugs, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Available system building tools} Large choice of tools
+ \small
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Buildroot}, developed by the community\\
+ \url{http://www.buildroot.net}
+ \item {\bf PTXdist}, developed by Pengutronix\\
+ \url{http://www.pengutronix.de/software/ptxdist/index_en.html}
+ \item {\bf OpenWRT}, originally a fork of Buildroot for wireless routers,
+ now a more generic project\\
+ \url{http://www.openwrt.org}
+ \item {\bf LTIB}. Good support for Freescale boards, but small community\\
+ \url{http://ltib.org/}
+ \item {\bf OpenEmbedded}, more flexible but also far more complicated\\
+ \url{http://www.openembedded.org}, its industrialized version {\bf
+ Yocto} and vendor-specific derivatives such as {\bf Arago}
+ \item Vendor specific tools (silicon vendor or embedded Linux
+ vendor)
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Buildroot (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows to build a toolchain, a root filesystem image with many
+ applications and libraries, a bootloader and a kernel image
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Or any combination of the previous items
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Supports building uClibc toolchains only, but can use external
+ uClibc or glibc toolchains
+ \item Over 700+ applications or libraries integrated, from basic
+ utilities to more elaborate software stacks: X.org, Gstreamer, Qt,
+ Gtk, WebKit, etc.
+ \item Good for small to medium embedded systems, with a fixed set of
+ features
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item No support for generating packages (\code{.deb} or
+ \code{.ipk})
+ \item Needs complete rebuild for most configuration changes.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Active community, releases published every 3 months.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Buildroot (2)}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.6\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Configuration takes place through a \code{*config} interface similar to the
+ kernel\\
+ \code{make menuconfig}
+ \item Allows to define
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Architecture and specific CPU
+ \item Toolchain configuration
+ \item Set of applications and libraries to integrate
+ \item Filesystem images to generate
+ \item Kernel and bootloader configuration
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Build by just running\\
+ \code{make}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.4\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/buildroot-screenshot.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Buildroot: adding a new package (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A package allows to integrate a user application or library to
+ Buildroot
+ \item Each package has its own directory (such as
+ \code{package/gqview}). This directory contains:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A \code{Config.in} file (mandatory), describing the
+ configuration options for the package. At least one is needed to
+ enable the package. This file must be sourced from
+ \code{package/Config.in}
+ \item A \code{gqview.mk} file (mandatory), describing how the
+ package is built.
+ \item Patches (optional). Each file of the form
+ \code{gqview-*.patch} will be applied as a patch.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Buildroot: adding a new package (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item For a simple package with a single configuration option to
+ enable/disable it, the \code{Config.in} file looks like:
+\small
+\begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+config BR2_PACKAGE_GQVIEW
+ bool "gqview"
+ depends on BR2_PACKAGE_LIBGTK2
+ help
+ GQview is an image viewer for Unix operating systems
+
+ http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gqview
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+\normalsize
+ \item It must be sourced from \code{package/Config.in}:
+\small
+\begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+source "package/gqview/Config.in"
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Buildroot: adding new package (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Create the \code{gqview.mk} file to describe the build steps
+\scriptsize
+\begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+GQVIEW_VERSION = 2.1.5
+GQVIEW_SOURCE = gqview-$(GQVIEW_VERSION).tar.gz
+GQVIEW_SITE = http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/gqview
+GQVIEW_AUTORECONF = NO
+GQVIEW_INSTALL_STAGING = NO
+GQVIEW_INSTALL_TARGET = YES
+GQVIEW_DEPENDENCIES = host-pkg-config libgtk2
+
+$(eval $(call AUTOTARGETS))
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+\normalsize
+ \item The last argument of the \code{AUTOTARGETS} macro, the prefix
+ of all variables must be identical to the suffix of the main
+ configuration option \code{BR2_PACKAGE_GQVIEW}
+ \item The \code{AUTOTARGETS} infrastructure knows how to build
+ autotools packages. A more generic \code{GENTARGETS}
+ infrastructure is available for packages not using the autotools
+ as their build system.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{OpenEmbedded}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The most versatile and powerful embedded Linux build system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A collection of recipes (\code{.bb} files)
+ \item A tool that processes the recipes: \code{bitbake}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Integrates 2000+ application and libraries, is highly
+ configurable, can generate packages (\code{.ipk}) to make the system
+ customizable, supports multiple versions/variants of the same
+ package, no need for full rebuild when the configuration is
+ changed.
+ \item Configuration takes place by editing various configuration
+ files
+ \item Good for larger embedded Linux systems, or people looking for
+ more configurability and extensibility
+ \item Drawbacks: no stable releases, very steep learning curve, very
+ long first build.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Distributions - Debian}
+ \small
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ Debian GNU/Linux, \url{http://www.debian.org}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Available on ARM, MIPS and PowerPC architectures
+ \item Provides a ready-to-use filesystem with all the software you
+ need.
+ \item Huge flexibility thanks to the package management system,
+ but only works only systems with enough storage size
+ (\textgreater 300 MB) and RAM (\textgreater 64 MB).
+ \item Software is compiled natively by default.
+ \item You can build your own root filesystem images on x86 by
+ using the \code{debootstrap} command.
+ \item Emdebian is a project to make Debian better for embedded
+ systems: leverage Debian package descriptions, but reduces
+ dependencies, smaller configuration, removes documentation,
+ supports uClibc... See \url{http://emdebian.org}.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/debian.png}\\
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Distributions - Ubuntu}
+ \small
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ Ubuntu GNU/Linux
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \url{https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ARM}
+ \item Based on Debian, same benefits
+ \item New release every 6 months. Same release schedule as for
+ x86.
+ \item Supported on ARM, but only on Cortex A8 and beyond.
+ Supplies Thumb2 binaries. Neon not supported.
+ \item Good solution for mobile multimedia devices. Getting ready
+ for ARM servers too.
+ \item Training participants - try Ubuntu on your IGEPv2 board:\\
+ \url{http://releases.linaro.org/images/11.10/oneiric/ubuntu-desktop/}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/ubuntu.png}\\
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Distributions - Others}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ Fedora
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \url{http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Architectures/ARM}
+ \item Also has some support for ARM, but ARM releases get much less
+ attention and are currently made more than one year later.
+ \item Expect Fedora to be back in the next years, to meet demand for
+ ARM servers.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/fedora.png}\\
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Embedded distributions}
+ \small
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ Distributions designed for specific types of devices
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Meego}: \url{http://meego.com/}\\
+ Distribution targeting phones, media players, netbooks, TVs and
+ In Vehicle Infotainment.\\
+ Dropped by Nokia and Intel, and will be replaced by Tizen, a new
+ project (\url{https://www.tizen.org/}).
+ \item {\bf Android}: \url{http://www.android.com/}\\
+ Google's distribution for phones and tablet PCs.\\
+ Except the Linux kernel, very different userspace
+ than other Linux distributions. Very successful,
+ lots of applications available (many proprietary).
+ \item {\bf Ångström}: \url{http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/}\\
+ Targets PDAs and webpads (Siemens Simpad...)\\
+ Binaries available for arm little endian.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/meego.png}\\
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/android.png}\\
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{System emulator: QEMU}
+ \url{http://qemu.org}\\
+ Fast processor emulator
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Useful to develop root filesystems and applications when the
+ hardware is not available yet (binary compatible development
+ boards are also possible).
+ \item Emulates the processor and various peripherals (“System
+ emulation): x86, ppc, arm, sparc, mips, m68k...
+ \item Many different ARM boards supported:\\
+ \url{qemu-system-arm -M ?}
+ \item QEMU also allows to just run binaries for other architectures
+ (``User emulation''). Used inside some building tools.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Buildroot}
+{
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Rebuild the same system, this time with Buildroot.
+ \item See how easier it gets!
+ \item Adding your own DirectFB based application.
+ \end{itemize}
+}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{GNU / Linux workstation\\
+Commercial tool sets}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Commercial embedded Linux solutions}
+ Caution: {\em commercial} doesn't mean {\em proprietary!}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Vendors play fair with the GPL and do make their source code
+ available to their users, and most of the time, eventually to the
+ community.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item As long as they distribute the sources to their users, the
+ GPL doesn't require vendors to share their sources with any
+ third party.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Graphical toolkits developed by the vendors are usually
+ proprietary, trying to make it easier to create and embedded Linux
+ systems.
+ \item Major players: Wind River, Montavista, TimeSys
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Commercial solution strengths}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Technical advantages
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Well tested and supported kernel and tool versions
+ \item Often including early patches not supported by the
+ mainline kernel yet (example: real-time patches)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Complete development tool sets: kernels, toolchains,
+ utilities, binaries for impressive lists of target platforms
+ \item Integrated utilities for automatic kernel image, initramfs
+ and filesystem generation.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Graphical developments tools
+ \item Development tools available on multiple platforms: GNU /
+ Linux, Solaris, Windows...
+ \item Support services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Useful if you don't have your own support resources
+ \item Long term support commitment, even for versions considered
+ as obsolete by the community, but not by your users!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Commercial or community solutions?}
+ {\bf Commercial distributions and tool sets}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Best if you don't have your own support resources and have a
+ sufficient budget
+ \item Help focusing on your primary job: making an embedded device.
+ \item You can even subcontract driver development to the vendor
+ \end{itemize}
+ {\bf Community distributions and tools}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Best if you are on a tight budget
+ \item Best if you are willing to build your own embedded Linux
+ expertise, investigate issues by yourselves, and train your own
+ support resources.
+ \end{itemize}
+ In any case, your products are based on Free Software!
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux system development}
+{References}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Useful reading}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Embedded Linux Primer, Second Edition, Prentice Hall}\\
+ \scriptsize
+ By Christopher Hallinan, October 2010\\
+ Covers a very wide range of interesting topics.
+ \normalsize
+ \item {\bf Building Embedded Linux Systems, O'Reilly}\\
+ \scriptsize
+ By Karim Yaghmour, Jon Masters, Gilad Ben-Yossef and Philippe
+ Gerum, and others
+ (including Michael Opdenacker), August 2008\\
+ \url{http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596529680/}
+ \normalsize
+ \item {\bf Embedded Linux System Design and Development}\\
+ \scriptsize
+ P. Raghavan, A. Lad, S. Neelakandan, Auerbach, Dec. 2005.\\
+ \url{http://free-electrons.com/redirect/elsdd-book.html}\\
+ Useful book covering most aspects of embedded Linux system
+ development (kernel and tools).
+ \normalsize
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/book-embedded-linux-primer2.jpg}\\
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/book-building-embedded-linux-systems.png}\\
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/book-embedded-linux-sysdev.png}\\
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Useful web sites}
+ LinuxDevices.com: \url{http://linuxdevices.com}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Weekly newsletter with news and announcements about embedded
+ devices running Linux.
+ \item Articles, whitepapers, and Linux embedded devices catalog.
+ \item Good site to follow industry news.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/linuxdevices.png}\\
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{International conferences}
+ Useful conferences featuring embedded Linux and kernel topics
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Embedded Linux Conference: \url{http://embeddedlinuxconference.com/}\\
+ Organized by the CE Linux Forum: California (San Francisco,
+ Spring), in Europe (Fall). Very interesting kernel and userspace
+ topics for embedded systems developers. Presentation slides
+ freely available
+ \item Linux Plumbers, \url{http://linuxplumbersconf.org}\\
+ Conference on the low-level plumbing of Linux: kernel, audio,
+ power management, device management, multimedia, etc.
+ \item FOSDEM: \url{http://fosdem.org} (Brussels, February)\\
+ For developers. Presentations about system development.
+ \item Don't miss our free conference videos on
+ \url{http://free-electrons.com/community/videos/conferences/}!
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
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+ <dia:point val="7.75,2.2375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="5.78,1.82625;9.72,2.64875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Application#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.88194441050291061"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.75,2.48125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.7687,6.2375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="6.6375,5.70672;14.9247,6.76828"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#X.org KDrive server#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.7687,6.51891"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="3.33,8.52"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="3.28,8.47;18.38,8.57"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="3.33,8.52"/>
+ <dia:point val="18.33,8.52"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="5.83,7.02"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="5.78,6.97;9.38,8.07"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="5.83,7.02"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.58,7.52"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="6.7825,7.19;8.3775,7.85"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#fbdev#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.70555552840232849"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.58,7.715"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O9" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="5.83,9.02"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="5.78,8.97;9.38,10.07"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="5.83,9.02"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.58,9.52"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="6.38125,9.19;8.77875,9.85"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#fb driver#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.70555552840232849"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.58,9.715"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O11" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.58,8.06492"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="7.2182,8.01492;7.9418,9.1318"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="7.58,8.06492"/>
+ <dia:point val="7.58,9.02"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O9" connection="8"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O11" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="11.5,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.45,2.45;16.05,4.025"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="11.5,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.4749999999999979"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="11.5,0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.45,0.45;16.05,2.025"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="11.5,0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.4749999999999979"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="13.75,1.2375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.78,0.82625;15.72,1.64875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Application#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.88194441050291061"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="13.75,1.48125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O15" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="13.75,3.2375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.625,2.82625;14.875,3.64875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Toolkit#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.88194441050291061"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="13.75,3.48125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O14" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg-dependencies-size.dia b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg-dependencies-size.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a346eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg-dependencies-size.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1621 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10,1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="9.95,0.95;15.05,4.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="10,1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.5,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="10.45,2.45;14.55,4.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="10.5,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="10.9938,1;14.0063,1.7475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#X server#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,1.595"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,3.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.2863,2.56722;13.7138,3.93278"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Xfbdev
+~1.2 MB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.70555552840232849"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,3.09222"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16,1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15.95,0.95;21.05,4.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="16,1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.45,2.45;20.55,4.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.5,1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.5038,1;19.4962,1.7475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Fonts#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.5,1.595"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
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+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#X libraries#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
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+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,8.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10.5,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="10.45,10.45;14.55,12.05"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="10.5,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#libxcb
+~300 KB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.70555552840232849"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.5,7.09222"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#libXfont
+~380 KB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.70555552840232849"/>
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+ </dia:composite>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.255,8.56722;13.745,9.93278"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#liblbxutil
+~156 KB#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#libX11
+~920 KB#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:string>#misc libs
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+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:string>#libXaw
+~900 KB#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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+ <dia:string>#libXt
+~330 KB#</dia:string>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg.png b/slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e37dcd2
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..517820f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/jffs2.dia
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
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+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#MTD
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+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="keep_aspect">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="file">
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/mtd-architecture.dia b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/mtd-architecture.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fcf79f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/mtd-architecture.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1503 @@
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+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="21,19"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="20.95,18.95;28.05,22.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="21,19"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="9,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="6.155,8.0825;11.845,10.4697"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#MTD "User"
+modules#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="9,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="9,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="6.62625,17.0537;11.4026,19.5273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#MTD Chip
+drivers#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="9,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.95,22.95;47.05,23.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="12,23"/>
+ <dia:point val="47,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Image" version="0" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="21,24"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="20.95,23.95;23.05,26.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="21,24"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="draw_border">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="keep_aspect">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="file">
+ <dia:string>#chip.png#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Image" version="0" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24,24"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.95,23.95;26.05,26.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="24,24"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="draw_border">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="keep_aspect">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="file">
+ <dia:string>#chip.png#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O18">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="9,25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="6.6175,24.0825;11.3825,26.4697"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Hardware
+devices#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="9,25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O19">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="36.95,16.95;46.05,21.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="37,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O20">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.35,7.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.35,6.555;45.8625,8.1025"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Flash Translation Layers
+for block device emulation#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.35,7.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O21">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.35,8.85"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.35,8.255;43.14,9.8025"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Caution: patented
+algorithms#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.35,8.85"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O22">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="43.13,10.31"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="43.08,10.26;45.58,11.51"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="43.13,10.31"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="2.3999999999999986"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.1500000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O23">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="43.43,11.11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="43.43,10.515;45.205,11.2625"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#INFTL#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="43.43,11.11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O24">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40.29,10.305"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="40.24,10.255;42.74,11.505"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="40.29,10.305"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="2.3999999999999986"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.1500000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O25">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40.69,11.155"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="40.69,10.56;42.275,11.3075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#NFTL#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="40.69,11.155"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O26">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.4,10.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.35,10.25;39.85,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="37.4,10.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="2.3999999999999986"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.1500000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O27">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.05,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="38.05,10.455;39.155,11.2025"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#FTL#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.05,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O28">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="42,17.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="41.95,17.45;45.55,19.55"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="42,17.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O29">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.5,17.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.45,17.45;41.26,19.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="37.5,17.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3.7099999992549328"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O30">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.355,18.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="38.3012,17.7263;40.4087,19.2737"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Block
+device#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.355,18.3212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O29" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O31">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="43.75,18.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="42.4125,17.7263;45.0875,19.2737"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Virtual
+memory#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="43.75,18.3212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O28" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O32">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="41.5,21.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.41,19.9525;45.59,21.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Virtual devices appearing
+as MTD devices#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="41.5,20.5475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
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+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O19" connection="6"/>
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+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O33">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15.775,7.00625;17.225,7.99375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBI#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,7.79375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O34">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.3575,7.00625;25.6425,7.99375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#JFFS2#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,7.79375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O35">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.9788,6.96922;35.0459,8.03078"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Char device#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,7.78141"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O36">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.8325,10.9692;19.1922,12.0308"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Block device#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,11.7814"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O3" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O37">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.9662,11.0062;26.0337,11.9938"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#YAFFS2#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,11.7937"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O4" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O38">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.95,9.95;36.05,13.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="29,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O39">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.8538,10.4771;35.1463,12.5229"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Read-only
+block device#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,11.2646"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O38" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O40">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.4062,15.9692;18.6184,17.0308"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#NOR flash#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,16.7814"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O8" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O41">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.3263,15.9692;26.6984,17.0308"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#RAM chips#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,16.7814"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O9" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O42">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.265,15.9692;34.7597,17.0308"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#ROM chips#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,16.7814"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O10" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O43">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,20.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="14.0062,19.9692;19.0184,21.0308"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#NAND Flash#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,20.7814"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O11" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O44">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,20.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.0388,19.4401;26.9859,21.5599"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#DiskOnChip
+flash#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,20.2522"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O12" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O45">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="13,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="6.615,3.0825;19.385,4.235"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Linux filesystem interface#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="13,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/sysdev-flash-filesystems.tex b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/sysdev-flash-filesystems.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21c5635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/sysdev-flash-filesystems.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+\chapterframe{Flash filesystems}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{The MTD subsystem}
+ MTD stands for {\em Memory Technology Devices}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/mtd-architecture.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{MTD devices}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item MTD devices are visible in \code{/proc/mtd}
+ \item The {\bf mtdchar} driver creates a character device for each
+ MTD device of the system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Usually named \code{/dev/mtdX}, major 90. Even minors for
+ read-write access, odd minors for read-only access
+ \item Provide \code{ioctl()} to erase and manage the flash
+ \item Used by the {\em mtd-utils} utilities
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The {\bf mtdblock} driver creates a block device for each MTD
+ device of the system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Usually named \code{/dev/mtdblockX}, major 31. Minor is the
+ number of the MTD device
+ \item Allows read/write block-level access. But bad blocks are not
+ handled, and no wear leveling is done for writes.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{MTD partitioning}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item MTD devices are usually partitioned
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item It allows to use different areas of the flash for different
+ purposes: read-only filesystem, read-write filesystem, backup
+ areas, bootloader area, kernel area, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Unlike block devices, which contains their own partition
+ table, the partitioning of MTD devices is described externally
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Hard-coded into the kernel code
+ \item Specified through the kernel command line
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Each partition becomes a separate MTD device
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Different from block device labeling (\code{hda3},
+ \code{sda2})
+ \item \code{/dev/mtd1} is either the second partition of the first
+ flash device, or the first partition of the second flash device
+\end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Definition of MTD partitions}
+
+ MTD partitions are defined in the kernel, in the board
+ definitions. Example from
+ \code{arch/arm/mach-omap2/board-igep0020.c} example:
+\scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+static struct mtd_partition igep2_onenand_partitions[] = {
+ {
+ .name = "X-Loader",
+ .offset = 0,
+ .size = 2 * (64*(2*2048))
+ },
+ {
+ .name = "U-Boot",
+ .offset = MTDPART_OFS_APPEND,
+ .size = 6 * (64*(2*2048)),
+ },
+ [...]
+ {
+ .name = "File System",
+ .offset = MTDPART_OFS_APPEND,
+ .size = MTDPART_SIZ_FULL,
+ },
+};
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Modifying MTD partitions (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item MTD partitions can fortunately be defined through the kernel
+ command line.
+ \item First need to find the name of the MTD device. Look at the
+ kernel log at boot time. In our case, the MTD device name is
+ \code{omap2-onenand}:
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+Muxed OneNAND(DDP) 512MB 1.8V 16-bit (0x58)
+OneNAND version = 0x0031
+Scanning device for bad blocks
+OneNAND eraseblock 1812 is an initial bad block
+[...]
+Creating 5 MTD partitions on "omap2-onenand":
+0x000000000000-0x000000080000 : "X-Loader"
+0x000000080000-0x000000200000 : "U-Boot"
+0x000000200000-0x000000280000 : "Environment"
+0x000000280000-0x000000580000 : "Kernel"
+0x000000580000-0x000020000000 : "File System"
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Modifying MTD partitions (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You can now use the \code{mtdparts} kernel boot parameter
+ \item Example:\\
+ \code{mtdparts=omap2-onenand:512k(X-Loader)ro,1536k(U-Boot)ro,512k(Environment),3m(Kernel),-(RootFS)}
+ \item We've just defined 5 partitions in the omap2-onenand device:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{1st stage bootloader} (512KiB)
+ \item \code{U-Boot} (1536KiB)
+ \item \code{U-Boot Environment} (512KiB)
+ \item \code{Kernel} (3MiB)
+ \item \code{data}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Modifying MTD partitions (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Partition sizes must be multiple of the erase block size.\\
+ You can use sizes in hexadecimal too. Remember the below sizes:\\
+ \code{0x20000} = 128k, \code{0x100000} = 1m, \code{0x1000000} = 16m
+ \item \code{ro} lists the partition as read only
+ \item \code{-} is used to use all the remaining space.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{mtd-utils}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A set of utilities to manipulate MTD devices
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{mtdinfo} to get detailed information about an MTD device
+ \item \code{flash_eraseall} to completely erase a given MTD device
+ \item \code{flashcp} to write to NOR flash
+ \item \code{nandwrite} to write to NAND flash
+ \item UBI utilities
+ \item Flash filesystem image creation tools: \code{mkfs.jffs2},
+ \code{mkfs.ubifs}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Usually available as the \code{mtd-utils} package in your distribution
+ \item Most commands now also available in BusyBox
+ \item See \url{http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{jffs2}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Today's standard filesystem for MTD flash
+ \item Nice features: on the fly compression (saves storage space
+ and reduces I/O), power down reliable, wear-leveling and ECC.
+ \item Drawbacks: doesn't scale well
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Mount time depending on filesystem size: the kernel has to
+ scan the whole filesystem at mount time, to read which block
+ belongs to each file.
+ \item Need to use the \code{CONFIG_JFFS2_SUMMARY} kernel option
+ to store such information in flash. This dramatically reduces
+ mount time (from 16 s to 0.8s for a 128 MB partition).
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \url{http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/jffs2.html}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/jffs2.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{jffs2 - How to use}
+ On the Linux {\bf target}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Need either the \code{mtd-utils} package from the MTD project,
+ or their embedded variants from Busybox
+ \item Erase and format a partition with jffs2:\\
+ \code{flash_eraseall -j /dev/mtd2}
+ \item Mount the partition:\\
+ \code{mount -t jffs2 /dev/mtdblock2 /mnt/flash}\\
+ \item Fill the contents by writing\\
+ (copying from NFS or from external storage)
+ \item Other possibility: use a {\em jffs2} image (see next page to
+ produce it):\\
+ \code{flash_eraseall /dev/mtd2}\\
+ \code{nandwrite -p /dev/mtd2 rootfs.jffs2}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{How to create a jffs2 image}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{mkfs.jffs2} command available in the mtd-utils package.\\
+ Caution: unlike some \code{mkfs} commands, it doesn't create a
+ filesystem, but a filesystem image.
+ \item First, find the erase block size (on the target running Linux):\\
+ \code{cat /sys/class/mtd/mtdx/erasesize} \\
+ \code{262144} (256 KiB)
+ \item Then create the image on your workstation:\\
+ \code{mkfs.jffs2 --pad --no-cleanmarkers --eraseblock=256 -d rootfs/ -o rootfs.jffs2}
+ \item The \code{--pad} option pads the jffs2 image contents\\
+ until the end of the final erase block.
+ \item It is fine if the jffs2 image is smaller than the MTD partition.\\
+ The jffs2 file system will use the entire partition anyway.
+ \item The \code{--no-cleanmarkers} option is for NAND flash only.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Mounting a jffs2 image on your host}
+ Useful to edit \code{jffs2} images on your development system\\
+ Mounting an MTD device as a loop device is a bit complex task.\\
+ Here's an example for \code{jffs2}, for your reference:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item First find the erase block size used to create the jffs2 image.\\
+ Let's assume it is 256KiB (262144 bytes).
+ \item Create a block device from the image\\
+ \code{losetup /dev/loop0 root.jffs2}
+ \item Emulate an MTD device from a block device,\\
+ using the \code{block2mtd} kernel module\\
+ \code{modprobe block2mtd block2mtd=/dev/loop0,262144}
+ \item Load the mtdblock driver if needed\\
+ \code{modprobe mtdblock}
+ \item Finally, mount the filesystem (create \code{/mnt/jffs2} if needed)\\
+ \code{mount -t jffs2 /dev/mtdblock0 /mnt/jffs2}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Initializing jffs2 partitions from U-boot}
+ You may not want to have \code{mtd-utils} on your target!
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Create a JFFS2 image on your workstation
+ \item In the U-Boot prompt:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Download the jffs2 image to RAM with \code{tftp}\\
+ Or copy this image to RAM from external storage\\
+ (U-boot understands FAT filesystems and supports USB storage)
+ \item Flash it inside an MTD partition\\
+ (exact instructions depending on flash type, NOR or NAND,\\
+ reuse the instructions used to flash your kernel). Make sure to
+ write only the size of the image, not more!
+ \item If you boot on a jffs2 root filesystem, add
+ \code{root=/dev/mtdblock<x>} and \code{rootfstype=jffs2} to the
+ Linux command line arguments.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Limitation: need to split the jffs2 image in several chunks\\
+ if bigger than the RAM size.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{yaffs2}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Mainly supports NAND flash
+ \item No compression
+ \item Wear leveling, ECC, power failure resistant
+ \item Fast boot time
+ \item Code available separately through git\\
+ (Dual GPL / Proprietary license\\
+ for non Linux operating systems)
+ \item \url{http://www.yaffs.net/}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/yaffs2.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{yaffs2 - How to use}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Erase a partition:\\
+ \code{flash_eraseall /dev/mtd2}
+ \item The filesystem is automatically formatted at the first mount:\\
+ \code{mount -t yaffs2 /dev/mtdblock2 /mnt/flash}
+ \item Images can be created with the mkyaffs tool, from \code{yaffs-utils}\\
+ \url{http://code.google.com/p/yaffs2utils/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{UBI (1)}
+ Unsorted Block Images
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \url{http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html}
+ \item Volume management system on top of MTD devices.
+ \item Allows to create multiple logical volumes and spread writes
+ across all physical blocks.
+ \item Takes care of managing the erase blocks and wear
+ leveling. Makes filesystems easier to implement.
+ \item Wear leveling can operate on the whole storage,
+ not only on individual partitions (strong advantage).
+ \item Volumes can be dynamically resized or, on the opposite, can be
+ read-only (static).
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{UBI (2)}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubi.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{UBIFS}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubifs.html
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The next generation of the jffs2 filesystem, from the same
+ linux-mtd developers.
+ \item Available since Linux 2.6.27
+ \item Works on top of UBI volumes
+ \item Has a noticeable metadata overhead on very small partitions
+ (4M, 8M)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{UBI layout example}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs-layout.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{UBI - Preparation}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Have \code{/dev/} mounted as a \code{devtmpfs} filesystem
+ \item Erase your flash partition while preserving your erase counters\\
+ \code{ubiformat /dev/mtd1}\\
+ See \url{http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/faq/ubi.html} if you
+ face problems
+ \item Attach UBI to one (of several) of the MTD partitions:\\
+ \code{ubiattach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m 1}
+ \item This command creates the \code{ubi0} device, which represent
+ the full UBI space stored on MTD device 1 (new \code{/dev/ubi0}
+ character device)
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{UBI - Volume management}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Volume creation with \code{ubimkvol}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{ubimkvol /dev/ubi0 -N test -s 116MiB}
+ \item \code{ubimkvol /dev/ubi0 -N test -m} (max available size)
+ \item The volume is then identified as \code{ubi0:test} for the
+ mount/umount commands
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Volume removal with \code{ubirmvol}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{ubirmvol /dev/ubi0 -N test}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{UBIFS - How to use}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When a UBI volume is created, creating an empty UBIFS
+ filesystem is just a matter of mounting it
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{mount -t ubifs ubi0:test /mnt/flash}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Images of UBIFS filesystems can be created using the
+ \code{mkfs.ubifs} utility
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{mkfs.ubifs -m 4096 -e 256KiB -c 1000 -r /home/tux/rootfs/ ubifs.img}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{-m 4096}, minimal I/O size
+ \item \code{-e 256 KiB}, erase block size
+ \item \code{-c 1000}, maximum number of logical erase
+ blocks. See
+ \url{http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/faq/ubifs.html\#L_max_leb_cnt}
+ for details.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Can be written to a UBI volume using \code{ubiupdatevol} and
+ the \code{/dev/ubiX_Y devices}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Ubinize}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Images of a full UBI space, containing several volumes can be
+ created using the ubinize utility
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Can be written to a raw MTD using \code{nand write} in U-boot.\\
+ (\code{onenand write} for the IGEPv2 board)
+ \item Caution: \code{nand erase} will also erase the Erase
+ Counters
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{ubinize -o ubi.img -p 256KiB -m 4096 rootubifs.ini}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Creates \code{ubi.img}, with 256KiB physical erase blocks,
+ 4096 minimum I/O size (\code{-m}).
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{UBIFS - How to prepare a root fs}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Create the UBIFS image from the target directory
+ \item Write the configuration file for the UBI device
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+[RFS-volume]
+mode=ubi
+image=rootfs.ubifs
+vol_id=1
+vol_size=30MiB
+vol_type=dynamic
+vol_name=rootfs
+vol_flags=autoresize
+vol_alignment=1
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \item Create the UBI device image
+ \item Flash it using a bad block aware command from the bootloader
+ \item Pass UBI layout information to the kernel:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{rootfstype=ubifs ubi.mtd=1 root=ubi0:rootfs}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Flash filesystem benchmarks}
+ \url{http://elinux.org/Flash_Filesystem_Benchmarks}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf jffs2}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Worst performance
+ \item Requires \code{CONFIG_SUMMARY} to have acceptable boot time
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf yaffs2}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Good performance, but not in mainline Linux
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf ubifs}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Best solution and performance for medium and big
+ partitions
+ \item Too much metadata overhead small partitions (only case
+ when \code{yaffs2} and \code{jffs2} are still useful)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Issues with flash-based block storage}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Flash storage made available only through a block interface.
+ \item Hence, no way to access a low level flash interface
+ and use the Linux filesystems doing wear leveling.
+ \item No details about the layer (Flash Translation Layer) they
+ use. Details are kept as trade secrets, and may hide poor
+ implementations.
+ \item Hence, it is highly recommended to limit the number of writes
+ to these devices.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Reducing the number of writes}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Of course, do not use your flash storage as swap area (rare in
+ embedded systems anyway)
+ \item Mount your filesystems as read-only, or use read-only
+ filesystems (SquashFS), whenever possible.
+ \item Keep volatile files in RAM (tmpfs)
+ \item Don't use the \code{sync} mount option (commits writes
+ immediately). Use the \code{fsync()} system call for per-file
+ synchronization.
+ \item You may decide to do without journaled filesystems. They cause
+ more writes, but are also much more power down resistant
+ (trade-off).
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Useful reading}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Arnd Bergmann: Optimizing Linux with cheap flash drives\\
+ In depth coverage of flash storage with a block interface.\\
+ \url{http://lwn.net/Articles/428584/}
+ \item Introduction to JFFS2 and LogFS:\\
+ \url{http://lwn.net/Articles/234441/}
+ \item Nice UBI presentation from Toshiba:\\
+ \url{http://free-electrons.com/redirect/celf-ubi.html}
+ \item Documentation on the linux-mtd website:\\
+ \url{http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Flash Filesystems}
+{
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Creating partitions in your internal flash storage.
+ \item Use a read-only JFFS2 partition for the system
+ \item Use a read-write JFFS2 partition for data
+ \end{itemize}
+}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubi.dia b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubi.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ac89d7
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O29">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#PEB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="53,12.0437"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O28" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O30">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="55,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="54.95,10.95;58.05,12.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="55,11"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#868686"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#e5e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O31">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="56.5,11.75"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#PEB#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="56.5,12.0437"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O30" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O32">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,6.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.9307,6.43066;32.0693,11.093"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="29,6.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="32,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
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+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="6"/>
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+ </dia:object>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,6.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="42.5,11"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
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+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
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+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O24" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O34">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="36,6.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="39,11"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O4" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O22" connection="1"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O35">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="39.4368,6.43675;53.1061,11.1498"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="39.5,6.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="53,11"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
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+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O6" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O28" connection="1"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O36">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="44.5,6.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.3924,6.43833;44.5617,11.1826"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="44.5,6.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="28.5,11"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O8" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O14" connection="1"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O37">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="48,6.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="47.9382,6.43819;49.4512,11.0574"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="48,6.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="49.2714,10.9499"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O10" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O26" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O38">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="51.5,6.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35.3924,6.43833;51.5617,11.1826"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="51.5,6.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="35.5,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O12" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O20" connection="1"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O39">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="44.5,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="44.5,12.905;47.76,13.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Free block#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="44.5,13.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="54.9813,12.8863;58.26,13.6899"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Free block#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="55,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O41">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="46.5,3.405;49.49,4.1525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Volume 2#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O42">
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+ <dia:point val="33,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33,3.405;35.99,4.1525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Volume 1#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="33,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O43">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.5,4.5825;25.4225,5.735"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBI#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O44">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.5,10.5825;25.9775,11.735"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#MTD#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O45">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,6.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.5,5.905;27.5125,7.4525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Logical
+erase blocks#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,6.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O46">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.5,11.905;27.5125,13.4525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Physical
+erase blocks#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs-layout.dia b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs-layout.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..147b1fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs-layout.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
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+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
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+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
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+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O20">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.75,-2.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.6937,-4.21597;13.8062,-1.28403"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBIFS
+mounted
+on /myapp
+
+(from
+ubi0:data)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.49388886988162994"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.75,-3.84847"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O19" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O21">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22,-6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.95,-6.05;27.55,2.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22,-6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O22">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,-5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.45,-5.55;27.05,1.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,-5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O23">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23,-5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.95,-5.05;26.55,-0.45"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="23,-5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O24">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.75,-2.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.6938,-4.21597;19.8063,-1.28403"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBIFS
+mounted
+on /myapp
+
+(from
+ubi0:data)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.49388886988162994"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.75,-3.84847"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O16" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O25">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.75,-2.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.6938,-4.21597;25.8063,-1.28403"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBIFS
+mounted
+on /myapp
+
+(from
+ubi0:data)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.49388886988162994"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.75,-3.84847"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O23" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O26">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="8.5,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="5.99625,1.7525;11.0038,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBI device ubi0#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="8.5,2.3475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O8" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O27">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.75,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.2462,1.7525;27.2538,2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBI device ubi1#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.75,2.3475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O21" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O28">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.75,1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.2087,0.2725;26.2912,1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBI volume:
+log#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.75,0.745"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O22" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs.dia b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1200eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.2937,1.97708;22.7062,4.02292"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Standard file
+API#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,2.76458"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.45,4.95;23.55,5.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,5"/>
+ <dia:point val="23.5,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_style">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.8275,5.97708;22.1725,8.02292"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBIFS
+filesystem#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,6.76458"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.45,11.95;23.55,12.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,12"/>
+ <dia:point val="23.5,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_style">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="18.7563,12.9771;21.2438,15.0229"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#MTD
+driver#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,13.7646"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,16"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.45,15.95;23.55,16.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,16"/>
+ <dia:point val="23.5,16"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_style">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,18.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.8675,18.0063;22.1325,18.9938"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Flash chip#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,18.7938"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Image" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="19.2,16.4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.15,16.35;20.75,17.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="19.2,16.4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="draw_border">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="keep_aspect">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="file">
+ <dia:string>#chip.png#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.45,8.95;23.55,9.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,9"/>
+ <dia:point val="23.5,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_style">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.275,10.0062;20.725,10.9938"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#UBI#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,10.7937"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/yaffs2.dia b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/yaffs2.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b6140a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/yaffs2.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-intro/freebox.jpg b/slides/sysdev-intro/freebox.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a70c7f
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-intro/freebox.jpg differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-intro/global-architecture.dia b/slides/sysdev-intro/global-architecture.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..285a8d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-intro/global-architecture.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,894 @@
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+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.5,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="38.5,4.905;42.0775,5.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Application#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.5,5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28,9.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.95,9.45;32.05,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="28,9.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29,9.905;31.24,10.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Library#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28,7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.95,6.95;32.05,8.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="28,7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29,7.405;31.24,8.1525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Library#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37,9.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="36.95,9.45;41.05,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="37,9.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="38,9.905;40.24,10.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Library#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="38,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O18">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,9.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="32.45,9.45;36.55,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,9.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O19">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.5,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.5,9.905;35.74,10.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Library#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.5,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O20">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="34.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.5,11.905;37.21,12.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#C library#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="34.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O21">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="34,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34,13.905;37.9,14.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Linux kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="34,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O22">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="55.5,8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="55.5,7.905;55.5,8.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>##</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="55.5,8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O23">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="34,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34,15.905;37.5025,16.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Bootloader#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="34,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O24">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.5,7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="18.45,6.95;24.55,12.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="18.5,7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="6.0000000000000036"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5.0000000000000018"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O25">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.5,8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.9563,7.905;23.0438,11.0525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Tools
+compiler
+debugger
+...#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.5,8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
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+++ b/slides/sysdev-intro/sysdev-intro.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+\chapterframe{Introduction to Embedded Linux}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Birth of free software}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item 1983, Richard Stallman, {\bf GNU project} and the {\bf free
+ software} concept. Beginning of the development of {\em gcc},
+ {\em gdb}, {\em glibc} and other important tools
+ \item 1991, Linus Torvalds, {\bf Linux kernel project}, a Unix-like
+ operating system kernel. Together with GNU software and many other
+ open-source components: a completely free operating system,
+ GNU/Linux
+ \item ~1995, Linux is more and more popular on server systems
+ \item ~2000, Linux is more and more popular on {\bf embedded
+ systems}
+ \item ~2008, Linux is more and more popular on mobile devices
+ \item ~2010, Linux is more and more popular on phones
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Free software ?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A program is considered {\bf free} when its license offers to
+ all its users the following {\bf four} freedoms
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Freedom to run the software for any purpose
+ \item Freedom to study the software and to change it
+ \item Freedom to redistribute copies
+ \item Freedom to distribute copies of modified versions
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Those freedoms are granted for both commercial and
+ non-commercial use
+ \item They imply the availability of source code, software can be
+ modified and distributed to customers
+ \item {\bf Good match for embedded systems !}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe{What is embedded Linux ?}{Embedded Linux is the usage
+ of the {\bf Linux kernel} and various {\bf open-source} components
+ in embedded systems}
+
+\subchapterframe{Why embedded Linux ?}{Advantages of Linux and
+ open-source for embedded systems}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Re-using components}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The key advantage of Linux and open-source in embedded systems
+ is the {\bf ability} to re-use components
+ \item The open-source ecosystem already provides many components for
+ standard features, from hardware support to network protocols,
+ going through multimedia, graphic, cryptographic libraries, etc.
+ \item As soon as a hardware device, or a protocol, or a feature is
+ wide-spread enough, high chance of having open-source components
+ that support it.
+ \item Allows to quickly design and develop complicated products,
+ based on existing components.
+ \item No-one should re-develop yet another operating system kernel,
+ TCP/IP stack, USB stack or another graphical toolkit library.
+ \item {\bf Allows to focus on the added value of your product.}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Low cost}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Free software can be duplicated on as many devices as you
+ want, free of charge.
+ \item If your embedded system uses only free software, you can
+ reduce the cost of software licenses to zero. Even the development
+ tools are free, unless you choose a commercial embedded Linux
+ edition.
+ \item {\bf Allows to have an higher budget for the hardware or to
+ increase the company’s skills and knowledge}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Full control}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item With open-source, you have the source code for all components
+ in your system
+ \item Allows unlimited modifications, changes, tuning, debugging,
+ optimization, for an unlimited period of time
+ \item Without locking or dependency from a third-party vendor
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item To be true, non open-source components must be avoided when
+ the system is designed and developed
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Allows to have full control over the software part of
+ your system}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Quality}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Many open-source components are widely used, on millions of
+ systems
+ \item Usually higher quality than what an in-house development can
+ produce, or even proprietary vendors
+ \item Of course, not all open-source components are of good quality,
+ but most of the widely-used ones are.
+ \item {\bf Allows to design your system with high-quality components
+ at the foundations}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Eases testing of new features}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Open-source being freely available, it is easy to get a piece
+ of software and evaluate it
+ \item Allows to easily study several options while making a choice
+ \item Much easier than purchasing and demonstration procedures
+ needed with most proprietary products
+ \item {\bf Allows to easily explore new possibilities and solutions}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Community support}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Open-source software components are developed by communities
+ of developers and users
+ \item This community can provide a high-quality support: you can
+ directly contact the main developers of the component you are
+ using. The likelyhood of getting an answer doesn't depend what
+ company you work for.
+ \item Often better than traditional support, but one needs to
+ understand how the community works to properly use the community
+ support possibilities
+ \item {\bf Allows to speed up the resolution of problems when
+ developing your system}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Taking part into the community}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Possibility of taking part into the development community of
+ some of the components used in the embedded systems: bug
+ reporting, test of new versions or features, patches that fix bugs
+ or add new features, etc.
+ \item Most of the time the open-source components are not the core
+ value of the product: it’s the interest of everybody to contribute
+ back.
+ \item For the {\em engineers}: a very {\bf motivating} way of being
+ recognized outside the company, communication with others in the
+ same field, {\bf opening of new possibilities}, etc.
+ \item For the {\em managers}: {\bf motivation factor} for engineers,
+ allows the company to be {\bf recognized} in the open-source
+ community and therefore get support more easily and be {\bf more
+ attractive} to open-source developers
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe{Systems running Linux}{A few examples of embedded
+ systems running Linux}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Personal routers}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-intro/freebox.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Television}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-intro/television.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Point of sale terminal}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-intro/point-of-sale.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Laser cutting machine}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-intro/laser-cutting-machine.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Viticulture machine}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-intro/viticulture-machine.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Hardware}
+ \huge
+ \begin{center}
+ Embedded hardware for Linux systems
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Processor and architecture (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The Linux kernel and most other architecture-dependent component support a
+ wide range of 32 and 64 bits architectures
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item x86 and x86-64, as found on PC platforms, but also embedded systems
+ (multimedia, industrial)
+ \item ARM, with hundreds of different SoC (multimedia, industrial)
+ \item PowerPC (mainly real-time, industrial applications)
+ \item MIPS (mainly networking applications)
+ \item SuperH (mainly set top box and multimedia applications)
+ \item Blackfin (DSP architecture)
+ \item Microblaze (soft-core for Xilinx FPGA)
+ \item Coldfire, SCore, Tile, Xtensa, Cris, FRV, AVR32, M32R
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Processor and architecture (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Both MMU and no-MMU architectures are supported, even though
+ no-MMU architectures have a few limitations.
+ \item Linux is not designed for small microcontrollers.
+ \item Besides the toolchain, the bootloader and the kernel, all
+ other components are generally {\bf architecture-independent}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{RAM and storage}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf RAM}: a very basic Linux system can work within 8 MB of
+ RAM, but a more realistic system will usually require at least 32
+ MB of RAM. Depends on the type and size of applications.
+ \item {\bf Storage}: a very basic Linux system can work within 4 MB
+ of storage, but usually more is needed.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Flash storage is supported, both NAND and NOR flash, with
+ specific filesystems
+ \item Block storage including SD/MMC cards and eMMC is supported
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Not necessarily interesting to be too restrictive on the
+ amount of RAM/storage: having flexibility at this level allows to
+ re-use as many existing components as possible.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Communication}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The Linux kernel has support for many common communication
+ busses
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item I2C
+ \item SPI
+ \item CAN
+ \item 1-wire
+ \item SDIO
+ \item USB
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item And also extensive networking support
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Ethernet, Wifi, Bluetooth, CAN, etc.
+ \item IPv4, IPv6, TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP, etc.
+ \item Firewalling, advanced routing, multicast
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Types of hardware platforms}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Evaluation platforms} from the SoC vendor. Usually
+ expensive, but many peripherals are built-in. Generally unsuitable
+ for real products.
+ \item {\bf Component on Module}, a small board with only
+ CPU/RAM/flash and a few other core components, with connectors to
+ access all other peripherals. Can be used to build end products
+ for small to medium quantities.
+ \item {\bf Community development platforms}, a new trend to make a
+ particular SoC popular and easily available. Those are
+ ready-to-use and low cost, but usually have less peripherals than
+ evaluation platforms. To some extent, can also be used for real
+ products.
+ \item {\bf Custom platform}. Schematics for evaluation boards or
+ development platforms are more and more commonly freely available,
+ making it easier to develop custom platforms.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Criteria for choosing the hardware}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Make sure the hardware you plan to use is already supported by
+ the Linux kernel, and has an open-source bootloader, especially
+ the SoC you’re targeting.
+ \item Having support in the official versions of the projects
+ (kernel, bootloader) is a lot better: quality is better, and new
+ versions are available.
+ \item Some SoC vendors and/or board vendors do not contribute their
+ changes back to the mainline Linux kernel. Ask them to do so, or
+ use another product if you can. A good measurement is to see the
+ delta between their kernel and the official one.
+ \item {\bf Between properly supported hardware in the official Linux
+ kernel and poorly-supported hardware, there will be huge
+ differences in development time and cost.}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe{Embedded Linux system architecture}{Embedded Linux
+ system architecture}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Global architecture}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-intro/global-architecture.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Software components}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Cross-compilation toolchain
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Compiler that runs on the development machine, but generates
+ code for the target
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Bootloader
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Started by the hardware, responsible for basic
+ initialization, loading and executing the kernel
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Linux Kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Contains the process and memory management, network stack,
+ device drivers and provides services to userspace applications
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item C library
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The interface between the kernel and the userspace
+ applications
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Libraries and applications
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Third-party or in-house
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Embedded Linux work}
+
+ Several distinct tasks are needed when deploying embedded Linux in a
+ product:
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Board Support Package development}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A BSP contains a bootloader and kernel with the suitable
+ device drivers for the targeted hardware
+ \item Purpose of our {\em Kernel Development} training
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf System integration}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Integrate all the components, bootloader, kernel,
+ third-party libraries and applications and in-house applications
+ into a working system
+ \item Purpose of {\em this} training
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Development of applications}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Normal Linux applications, but using specifically chosen
+ libraries
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
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@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux usage}
+{Compiling and booting Linux\\
+\normalsize Kernel configuration}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel configuration and build system}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The kernel configuration and build system is based on multiple
+ Makefiles
+ \item One only interacts with the main \code{Makefile}, present at
+ the {\bf top directory} of the kernel source tree
+ \item Interaction takes place
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item using the \code{make} tool, which parses the Makefile
+ \item through various {\bf targets}, defining which action should
+ be done (configuration, compilation, installation, etc.). Run
+ \code{make help} to see all available targets.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Example
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{cd linux-2.6.x/}
+ \item \code{make <target>}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel configuration (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The kernel contains thousands of device drivers, filesystem
+ drivers, network protocols and other configurable items
+ \item Thousands of options are available, that are used to
+ selectively compile parts of the kernel source code
+ \item The kernel configuration is the process of defining the set of
+ options with which you want your kernel to be compiled
+ \item The set of options depends
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item On your hardware (for device drivers, etc.)
+ \item On the capabilities you would like to give to your kernel
+ (network capabilities, filesystems, real-time, etc.)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel configuration (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The configuration is stored in the \code{.config} file at the
+ root of kernel sources
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Simple text file, \code{key=value} style
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item As options have dependencies, typically never edited by hand,
+ but through graphical or text interfaces:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{make xconfig}, \code{make gconfig} (graphical)
+ \item \code{make menuconfig}, \code{make nconfig} (text)
+ \item You can switch from one to another, they all load/save the
+ same \code{.config} file, and show the same set of options
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item To modify a kernel in a GNU/Linux distribution: the
+ configuration files are usually released in \code{/boot/},
+ together with kernel images: \code{/boot/config-2.6.17-11-generic}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel or module ?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The {\bf kernel image} is a {\bf single file}, resulting from
+ the linking of all object files that correspond to features
+ enabled in the configuration
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item This is the file that gets loaded in memory by the
+ bootloader
+ \item All included features are therefore available as soon as the
+ kernel starts, at a time where no filesystem exists
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Some features (device drivers, filesystems, etc.) can however
+ be compiled as {\bf modules}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Those are {\em plugins} that can be loaded/unloaded dynamically to
+ add/remove features to the kernel
+ \item Each {\bf module is stored as a separate file in the
+ filesystem}, and therefore access to a filesystem is mandatory
+ to use modules
+ \item This is not possible in the early boot procedure of the
+ kernel, because no filesystem is available
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel option types}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item There are different types of options
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{bool} options, they are either
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\em true} (to include the feature in the kernel) or
+ \item {\em false} (to exclude the feature from the kernel)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{tristate} options, they are either
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\em true} (to include the feature in the kernel image) or
+ \item {\em module} (to include the feature as a kernel module) or
+ \item {\em false} (to exclude the feature)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{int} options, to specify integer values
+ \item \code{string} options, to specify string values
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel option dependencies}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item There are dependencies between kernel options
+ \item For example, enabling a network driver requires the network
+ stack to be enabled
+ \item Two types of dependencies
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{depends on} dependencies. In this case, option A that
+ depends on option B is not visible until option B is enabled
+ \item \code{select} dependencies. In this case, with option A
+ depending on option B, when option A is enabled, option B is
+ automatically enabled
+ \item \code{make xconfig} allows to see all options, even those
+ that cannot be selected because of missing dependencies. In this
+ case, they are displayed in gray
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{make xconfig}
+ \code{make xconfig}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The most common graphical interface to configure the kernel.
+ \item Make sure you read\\
+ \code{help -> introduction: useful options!}
+ \item File browser: easier to load configuration files
+ \item Search interface to look for parameters
+ \item Required Debian / Ubuntu packages: \code{libqt4-dev}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{make xconfig screenshot}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-screenshot.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{make xconfig search interface}
+
+ Looks for a keyword in the parameter name. Allows to select or
+ unselect found parameters.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-search.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Kernel configuration options}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-iso-example.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Corresponding .config file excerpt}
+ Options are grouped by sections and are prefixed with
+ \code{CONFIG_}.
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+#
+# CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems
+#
+CONFIG_ISO9660_FS=m
+CONFIG_JOLIET=y
+CONFIG_ZISOFS=y
+CONFIG_UDF_FS=y
+CONFIG_UDF_NLS=y
+
+#
+# DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems
+#
+# CONFIG_MSDOS_FS is not set
+# CONFIG_VFAT_FS is not set
+CONFIG_NTFS_FS=m
+# CONFIG_NTFS_DEBUG is not set
+CONFIG_NTFS_RW=y
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{make gconfig}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \code{make gconfig}
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ {\em GTK} based graphical configuration interface. Functionality
+ similar to that of make \code{xconfig}.
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ Just lacking a search functionality.
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ Required Debian packages: \code{libglade2-dev}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/gconfig-screenshot.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{make menuconfig}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \code{make menuconfig}
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ Useful when no graphics are available. Pretty convenient too!
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ Same interface found in other tools: BusyBox, Buildroot...
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ Required Debian packages: \code{libncurses-dev}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/menuconfig-screenshot.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{make nconfig}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \code{make nconfig}
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ A newer, similar text interface
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ More user friendly (for example, easier to access help information).
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ Required Debian packages: \code{libncurses-dev}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/nconfig-screenshot.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{make oldconfig}
+ \code{make oldconfig}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Needed very often!
+ \item Useful to upgrade a \code{.config} file from an earlier kernel release
+ \item Issues warnings for configuration parameters that no longer
+ exist in the new kernel.
+ \item Asks for values for new parameters
+ \end{itemize}
+ If you edit a \code{.config} file by hand, it's strongly recommended
+ to run \code{make oldconfig} afterwards!
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{make allnoconfig}
+ \code{make allnoconfig}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Only sets strongly recommended settings to \code{y}.
+ \item Sets all other settings to \code{n}.
+ \item Very useful in embedded systems to select only the minimum
+ required set of features and drivers.
+ \item Much more convenient than unselecting hundreds of features one
+ by one!
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Undoing configuration changes}
+ A frequent problem:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item After changing several kernel configuration settings, your
+ kernel no longer works.
+ \item If you don't remember all the changes you made,
+ you can get back to your previous configuration:\\
+ \code{$ cp .config.old .config}
+ \item All the configuration interfaces of the kernel
+ (\code{xconfig}, \code{menuconfig}, \code{allnoconfig}...) keep
+ this \code{.config.old} backup copy.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Configuration per architecture}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The set of configuration options is architecture dependent
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Some configuration options are very architecture-specific
+ \item Most of the configuration options (global kernel options,
+ network subsystem, filesystems, most of the device drivers) are
+ visible in all architectures.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item By default, the kernel build system assumes that the kernel is
+ being built for the host architecture, i.e. native compilation
+ \item The architecture is not defined inside the configuration, but
+ at an higher level
+ \item We will see later how to override this behaviour, to allow the
+ configuration of kernels for a different architecture
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item General setup
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\em Prompt for development/incomplete code} allows to be
+ able to enable drivers or features that are not considered as
+ completely stable yet
+ \item {\em Local version - append to kernel release} allows to
+ concatenate an arbitrary string to the kernel version that an
+ user can get using \code{uname -r}. Very useful for support!
+ \item {\em Support for swap}, can usually be disabled on most
+ embedded devices
+ \item {\em Configure standard kernel features (for small systems)}
+ allows to remove features from the kernel to reduce its
+ size. Powerful, use with care!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Loadable module support
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows to enable or completely disable module support. If
+ your system doesn't need kernel modules, best to disable since
+ it saves a significant amount of space and memory
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Enable the block layer
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item If \code{CONFIG_EXPERT} is enabled, the block layer can be
+ completely removed. Embedded systems using only Flash storage
+ can safely disable the block layer
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Processor type and features (x86) or System type (ARM) or CPU selection
+ (MIPS)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows to select the CPU or machine for which the kernel
+ must be compiled
+ \item On x86, only optimization-related, on other architectures
+ very important since there's no compatibility
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Kernel features
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Tickless system, which allows to disable the regular timer
+ tick and use on-demand ticks instead. Improves power savings
+ \item High resolution timer support. By default, the resolution of
+ timer is the tick resolution. With high resolution timers, the
+ resolution is as precise as the hardware can give
+ \item Preemptible kernel enables the preemption inside the kernel
+ code (the userspace code is always preemptible). See our
+ real-time presentation for details
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Power management
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Global power management option needed for all power
+ management related features
+ \item Suspend to RAM, CPU frequency scaling, CPU idle control,
+ suspend to disk
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (4)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Networking support
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The network stack
+ \item Networking options
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Unix sockets, needed for a form of inter-process
+ communication
+ \item TCP/IP protocol with options for multicast, routing,
+ tunneling, Ipsec, Ipv6, congestion algorithms, etc.
+ \item Other protocols such as DCCP, SCTP, TIPC, ATM
+ \item Ethernet bridging, QoS, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Support for other types of network
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item CAN bus, Infrared, Bluetooth, Wireless stack, WiMax stack,
+ etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (5)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Device drivers
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item MTD is the subsystem for Flash (NOR, NAND, OneNand,
+ battery-backed memory, etc.)
+ \item Parallel port support
+ \item Block devices, a few misc block drivers such as loopback,
+ NBD, etc.
+ \item ATA/ATAPI, support for IDE disk, CD-ROM and tapes. A new
+ stack exists
+ \item SCSI
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The SCSI core, needed not only for SCSI devices but also
+ for USB mass storage devices, SATA and PATA hard drives, etc.
+ \item SCSI controller drivers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (6)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Device drivers (cont)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item SATA and PATA, the new stack for hard disks, relies on SCSI
+ \item RAID and LVM, to aggregate hard drivers and do replication
+ \item Network device support, with the network controller
+ drivers. Ethernet, Wireless but also PPP
+ \item Input device support, for all types of input devices:
+ keyboards, mice, joysticks, touchscreens, tablets, etc.
+ \item Character devices, contains various device drivers, amongst
+ them
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item serial port controller drivers
+ \item PTY driver, needed for things like SSH or telnet
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item I2C, SPI, 1-wire, support for the popular embedded buses
+ \item Hardware monitoring support, infrastructure and drivers for
+ thermal sensors
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (7)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Device drivers (cont)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Watchdog support
+ \item Multifunction drivers are drivers that do not fit in any
+ other category because the device offers multiple functionality
+ at the same time
+ \item Multimedia support, contains the V4L and DVB subsystems, for
+ video capture, webcams, AM/FM cards, DVB adapters
+ \item Graphics support, infrastructure and drivers for
+ framebuffers
+ \item Sound card support, the OSS and ALSA sound infrastructures
+ and the corresponding drivers
+ \item HID devices, support for the devices that conform to the HID
+ specification (Human Input Devices)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (8)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Device drivers (cont)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item USB support
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Infrastructure
+ \item Host controller drivers
+ \item Device drivers, for devices connected to the embedded system
+ \item Gadget controller drivers
+ \item Gadget drivers, to let the embedded system act as a
+ mass-storage device, a serial port or an Ethernet adapter
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item MMC/SD/SDIO support
+ \item LED support
+ \item Real Time Clock drivers
+ \item Voltage and current regulators
+ \item Staging drivers, crappy drivers being cleaned up
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (9)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item For some categories of devices the driver is not implemented
+ inside the kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Printers
+ \item Scanners
+ \item Graphics drivers used by X.org
+ \item Some USB devices
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item For these devices, the kernel only provides a mechanism to
+ access the hardware, the driver is implemented in userspace
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overview of kernel options (10)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item File systems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The common Linux filesystems for block devices: ext2, ext3,
+ ext4
+ \item Less common filesystems: XFS, JFS, ReiserFS, GFS2, OCFS2,
+ Btrfs
+ \item CD-ROM filesystems: ISO9660, UDF
+ \item DOS/Windows filesystems: FAT and NTFS
+ \item Pseudo filesystems: proc and sysfs
+ \item Miscellaneous filesystems, with amongst other Flash
+ filesystems such as JFFS2, UBIFS, SquashFS, cramfs
+ \item Network filesystems, with mainly NFS and SMB/CIFS
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Kernel hacking
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Debugging features useful for kernel developers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux usage}
+{Compiling and installing the kernel for the host system}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel compilation}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{make}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item in the main kernel source directory
+ \item Remember to run \code{make -j 4} if you have multiple CPU
+ cores to speed up the compilation process
+ \item No need to run as root !
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Generates
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{vmlinux}, the raw uncompressed kernel image, at the
+ ELF format, useful for debugging purposes, but cannot be booted
+ \item \code{arch/<arch>/boot/*Image}, the final, usually
+ compressed, kernel image that can be booted
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{bzImage} for x86, \code{zImage} for ARM,
+ \code{vmImage.gz} for Blackfin, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item All kernel modules, spread over the kernel source tree, as
+ \code{.ko} files.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel installation}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{make install}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Does the installation for the host system by default, so
+ needs to be run as root. Generally not used when compiling for
+ an embedded system, and it installs files on the development
+ workstation.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Installs
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{/boot/vmlinuz-<version>} \\
+ Compressed kernel image. Same as the one in
+ \code{arch/<arch>/boot}
+ \item \code{/boot/System.map-<version>}\\
+ Stores kernel symbol addresses
+ \item \code{/boot/config-<version>}\\
+ Kernel configuration for this version
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Typically re-runs the bootloader configuration utility to take
+ into account the new kernel.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Module installation}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{make modules_install}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Does the installation for the host system by default, so
+ needs to be run as root
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Installs all modules in \code{/lib/modules/<version>/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{kernel/}\\
+ Module \code{.ko} (Kernel Object) files, in the same directory
+ structure as in the sources.
+ \item \code{modules.alias}\\
+ Module aliases for module loading utilities. Example line:\\
+ \code{alias sound-service-?-0 snd_mixer_oss}
+ \item \code{modules.dep}\\
+ Module dependencies
+ \item \code{modules.symbols}\\
+ Tells which module a given symbol belongs to.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel cleanup targets}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Clean-up generated files (to force re-compilation):\\
+ \code{make clean}
+ \item Remove all generated files. Needed when switching from one
+ architecture to another. Caution: also removes your .config file!\\
+ \code{make mrproper}
+ \item Also remove editor backup and patch reject files (mainly to
+ generate patches):\\
+ \code{make distclean}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/kernel-mrproper.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux usage}
+{Compiling and booting Linux\\
+\normalsize Cross-compiling the kernel}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Cross-compiling the kernel}
+ When you compile a Linux kernel for another CPU architecture
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Much faster than compiling natively, when the target system is
+ much slower than your GNU/Linux workstation.
+ \item Much easier as development tools for your GNU/Linux
+ workstation are much easier to find.
+ \item To make the difference with a native compiler, cross-compiler
+ executables are prefixed by the name of the target system,
+ architecture and sometimes
+ library. Examples:\\
+ \small
+ \code{mips-linux-gcc}, the prefix is \code{mips-linux-}\\
+ \code{arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc}, the prefix is \code{arm-linux-gnueabi-}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Specifying cross-compilation}
+
+ The CPU architecture and cross-compiler prefix are defined through
+ the \code{ARCH} and \code{CROSS_COMPILE} variables in the toplevel
+ Makefile.
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{ARCH} is the name of the architecture. It is defined by
+ the name of the subdirectory in \code{arch/} in the kernel sources
+ \item \code{CROSS_COMPILE} is the prefix of the cross compilation
+ tools
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Example: \code{arm-linux-} if your compiler is \code{arm-linux-gcc}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Three solutions
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Force these two variables in the main kernel \code{Makefile}
+\begin{verbatim}
+ARCH?= arm
+CROSS_COMPILE?= arm-linux-
+\end{verbatim}
+ \item Pass \code{ARCH} and \code{CROSS_COMPILE} on the \code{make}
+ command line
+ \item Define \code{ARCH} and \code{CROSS_COMPILE} as environment
+ variables
+ \item Don't forget to have the values properly set at all steps,
+ otherwise the kernel configuration and build system gets
+ confused
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Predefined configuration files}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Default configuration files available, per board or per-CPU
+ family
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They are stored in \code{arch/<arch>/configs/}, and are
+ just minimal \code{.config} files
+ \item This is the most common way of configuring a kernel for
+ embedded platforms
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Run \code{make help} to find if one is available for your
+ platform
+ \item To load a default configuration file, just run\\
+ \code{make acme_defconfig}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item This will overwrite your existing \code{.config} !
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item To create your own default configuration file
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{make savedefconfig}, to create a minimal
+ configuration file
+ \item \code{mv defconfig arch/<arch>/configs/myown_defconfig}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Configuring the kernel}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item After loading a default configuration file, you can adjust the
+ configuration to your needs with the normal \code{xconfig},
+ \code{gconfig} or \code{menuconfig} interfaces
+ \item You can also start the configuration from scratch without
+ loading a default configuration file
+ \item As the architecture is different than your host architecture
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Some options will be different from the native configuration
+ (processor and architecture specific options, specific drivers,
+ etc.)
+ \item Many options will be identical (filesystems, network
+ protocol, architecture-independent drivers, etc.)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Make sure you have the support for the right CPU, the right
+ board and the right device drivers.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Building and installing the kernel}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Run \code{make}
+ \item Copy the final kernel image to the target storage
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item can be \code{uImage}, \code{zImage}, \code{vmlinux},
+ \code{bzImage} in \code{arch/<arch>/boot}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item make install is rarely used in embedded development, as the
+ kernel image is a single file, easy to handle
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item It is however possible to customize the make install
+ behaviour in \code{arch/<arch>/boot/install.sh}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{make modules_install} is used even in embedded
+ development, as it installs many modules and description files
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{make INSTALL_MOD_PATH=<dir>/ modules_install}
+ \item The \code{INSTALL_MOD_PATH} variable is needed to install
+ the modules in the target root filesystem instead of your host
+ root filesystem.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel command line}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item In addition to the compile time configuration, the kernel
+ behaviour can be adjusted with no recompilation using the {\bf
+ kernel command line}
+ \item The kernel command line is a string that defines various
+ arguments to the kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item It is very important for system configuration
+ \item \code{root=} for the root filesystem (covered later)
+ \item \code{console=} for the destination of kernel messages
+ \item and many more, documented in
+ \code{Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt} in the kernel sources
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item This kernel command line is either
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Passed by the bootloader. In U-Boot, the contents of the
+ \code{bootargs} environment variable is automatically passed to the
+ kernel
+ \item Built into the kernel, using the \code{CONFIG_CMDLINE} option.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Kernel cross-compiling}
+{
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Set up the cross-compiling environment
+ \item Configure the kernel \code{Makefile} accordingly
+ \item Cross-compile the kernel for an \code{arm} platform
+ \item On this platform, interact with the bootloader and boot your
+ kernel
+ \end{itemize}
+}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-iso-example.dia b/slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-iso-example.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2e641d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-iso-example.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-screenshot.png b/slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-screenshot.png
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-search.png b/slides/sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling/xconfig-search.png
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-kernel-fetch-and-patch/sysdev-kernel-fetch-and-patch.tex b/slides/sysdev-kernel-fetch-and-patch/sysdev-kernel-fetch-and-patch.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57107e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-kernel-fetch-and-patch/sysdev-kernel-fetch-and-patch.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux usage}
+{Compiling and booting Linux\\
+\normalsize Linux kernel sources}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Location of kernel sources}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The official version of the Linux kernel, as released by Linus
+ Torvalds is available at \url{http://www.kernel.org}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item This version follows the well-defined development model of
+ the kernel
+ \item However, it may not contain the latest development from a
+ specific area, due to the organization of the development model
+ and because features in development might not be ready for
+ mainline inclusion
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Many kernel sub-communities maintain their own kernel, with
+ usually newer but less stable features
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Architecture communities (ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, etc.), device
+ drivers communities (I2C, SPI, USB, PCI, network, etc.), other
+ communities (real-time, etc.)
+ \item They generally don't release official versions, only
+ development trees are available
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux kernel size (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linux 3.1 sources:\\
+ Raw size: 434 MB (39,400 files, approx 14,800,000 lines)\\
+ \code{gzip} compressed tar archive: 93 MB\\
+ \code{bzip2} compressed tar archive: 74 MB (better)\\
+ \code{xz} compressed tar archive: 62 MB (best)
+ \item Minimum Linux 2.6.29 compiled kernel size with
+ \code{CONFIG_EMBEDDED}, for a kernel that boots a QEMU PC (IDE
+ hard drive, ext2 filesystem, ELF executable support):\\
+ 532 KB (compressed), 1325 KB (raw)
+ \item Why are these sources so big?\\
+ Because they include thousands of device drivers, many network
+ protocols, support many architectures and filesystems...
+ \item The Linux core (scheduler, memory management...) is pretty
+ small!
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux kernel size (2)}
+ As of kernel version 3.2.
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{drivers/}: 53.65\%
+ \item \code{arch/}: 20.78\%
+ \item \code{fs/}: 6.88\%
+ \item \code{sound/}: 5.04\%
+ \item \code{net/}: 4.33\%
+ \item \code{include/}: 3.80\%
+ \item \code{firmware/}: 1.46\%
+ \item \code{kernel/}: 1.10\%
+ \item \code{tools/}: 0.56\%
+ \item \code{mm/}: 0.53\%
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{scripts/}: 0.44\%
+ \item \code{security/}: 0.40\%
+ \item \code{crypto/}: 0.38\%
+ \item \code{lib/}: 0.30\%
+ \item \code{block/}: 0.13\%
+ \item \code{ipc/}: 0.04\%
+ \item \code{virt/}: 0.03\%
+ \item \code{init/}: 0.03\%
+ \item \code{samples/}: 0.02\%
+ \item \code{usr/}: 0\%
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Getting Linux sources}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Full tarballs}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Contain the complete kernel sources: long to download and
+ uncompress, but must be done at least once
+ \item Example:\\
+ \footnotesize
+ \url{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/linux-3.1.3.tar.xz}
+ \normalsize
+ \item Extract command:\\
+ \footnotesize
+ \code{tar Jxf linux-3.1.3.tar.xz}
+ \normalsize
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Incremental patches between versions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item It assumes you already have a base version and you apply the
+ correct patches in the right order. Quick to download and apply
+ \item Examples:\\
+ \scriptsize
+ \url{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/patch-3.1.xz}\\(3.0 to 3.1)\\
+ \url{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/patch-3.1.3.xz}\\(3.1 to 3.1.3)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item All previous kernel versions are available in
+ \url{http://kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Patch}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A patch is the difference between two source trees
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Computed with the \code{diff} tool, or with more elaborate
+ version control systems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item They are very common in the open-source community
+ \item Excerpt from a patch:
+ \end{itemize}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+diff -Nru a/Makefile b/Makefile
+--- a/Makefile 2005-03-04 09:27:15 -08:00
++++ b/Makefile 2005-03-04 09:27:15 -08:00
+@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+ VERSION = 2
+ PATCHLEVEL = 6
+ SUBLEVEL = 11
+-EXTRAVERSION =
++EXTRAVERSION = .1
+ NAME=Woozy Numbat
+
+ # *DOCUMENTATION*
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Contents of a patch}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item One section per modified file, starting with a header
+\scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+diff -Nru a/Makefile b/Makefile
+--- a/Makefile 2005-03-04 09:27:15 -08:00
++++ b/Makefile 2005-03-04 09:27:15 -08:00
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \item One sub-section per modified part of the file, starting with
+ header with the affected line numbers
+\scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \item Three lines of context before the change
+\scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+ VERSION = 2
+ PATCHLEVEL = 6
+ SUBLEVEL = 11
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \item The change itself
+\scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+-EXTRAVERSION =
++EXTRAVERSION = .1
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \item Three lines of context after the change
+\scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+ NAME=Woozy Numbat
+
+ # *DOCUMENTATION*
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Using the patch command}
+ The \code{patch} command:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Takes the patch contents on its standard input
+ \item Applies the modifications described by the patch into the
+ current directory
+ \end{itemize}
+ \code{patch} usage examples:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{patch -p <n> < diff_file}
+ \item \code{cat diff_file | patch -p <n>}
+ \item \code{xzcat diff_file.xz | patch -p <n>}
+ \item \code{bzcat diff_file.bz2 | patch -p <n>}
+ \item \code{zcat diff_file.gz | patch -p <n>}
+ \item Notes:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{n}: number of directory levels to skip in the file paths
+ \item You can reverse apply a patch with the \code{-R} option
+ \item You can test a patch with \code{--dry-run} option
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Applying a Linux patch}
+ Linux patches...
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Always applied to the \code{x.y.<z-1>} version\\
+ Can be downloaded in \code{gzip}, \code{bzip2} or \code{xz} (much
+ smaller) compressed files.
+ \item Always produced for \code{n=1}\\
+ (that's what everybody does... do it too!)
+ \item Need to run the \code{patch} command inside the kernel source
+ directory
+ \item Linux patch command line example:\\
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd linux-3.0
+xzcat ../patch-3.1.xz | patch -p1
+xzcat ../patch-3.1.3.xz | patch -p1
+cd ..; mv linux-3.0 linux-3.1.3
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Kernel sources}
+{
+ Time to start the practical lab !
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Get the Linux kernel sources
+ \item Apply patches
+ \end{itemize}
+}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/linux-kernel-in-system.dia b/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/linux-kernel-in-system.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f794086
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/new-development-process.dia b/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/new-development-process.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a22bcc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/new-development-process.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1064 @@
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b68d871
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/stable-kernels.png b/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/stable-kernels.png
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro.tex b/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro.tex
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+\chapterframe{Linux kernel introduction}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux usage}
+{Kernel overview\\
+\normalsize Linux features}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux kernel in the system}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/linux-kernel-in-system.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{History}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The Linux kernel is one component of a system, which also
+ requires libraries and applications to provide features to end
+ users.
+ \item The Linux kernel was created as a hobby in 1991 by a Finnish
+ student, Linus Torvalds.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linux quickly started to be used as the kernel for free
+ software operating systems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Linus Torvalds has been able to create a large and dynamic
+ developer and user community around Linux.
+ \item Nowadays, hundreds of people contribute to each kernel
+ release, individuals or companies big and small.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux license}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The whole Linux sources are Free Software released under the
+ GNU General Public License version 2 (GPL v2).
+ \item For the Linux kernel, this basically implies that:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When you receive or buy a device with Linux on it, you
+ should receive the Linux sources, with the right to study,
+ modify and redistribute them.
+ \item When you produce Linux based devices, you must release the
+ sources to the recipient, with the same rights, with no
+ restriction..
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux kernel key features}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Portability and hardware support. Runs on most
+ architectures.
+ \item Scalability. Can run on super computers as well as on tiny
+ devices (4 MB of RAM is enough).
+ \item Compliance to standards and interoperability.
+ \item Exhaustive networking support.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Security. It can't hide its flaws. Its code is reviewed by
+ many experts.
+ \item Stability and reliability.
+ \item Modularity. Can include only what a system needs even at run
+ time.
+ \item Easy to program. You can learn from existing code. Many
+ useful resources on the net.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Supported hardware architectures}
+ 3.0 status
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item See the \code{arch/} directory in the kernel sources
+ \item Minimum: 32 bit processors, with or without MMU, and
+ \code{gcc} support
+ \item 32 bit architectures (\code{arch/} subdirectories)\\
+ \code{arm, avr32, blackfin, cris, frv, h8300, m32r, m68k, microblaze, mips, mn10300, parisc, s390, score, sparc, um, unicore32, xtensa}
+ \item 64 bit architectures:\\
+ \code{alpha, ia64, sparc64, tile}
+ \item 32/64 bit architectures\\
+ \code{powerpc, x86, sh}
+ \item Find details in kernel sources: \code{arch/<arch>/Kconfig},
+ \code{arch/<arch>/README}, or \code{Documentation/<arch>/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{System calls}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The main interface between the kernel and userspace is the set
+ of system calls
+ \item About ~300 system calls that provide the main kernel services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item File and device operations, networking operations,
+ inter-process communication, process management, memory mapping,
+ timers, threads, synchronization primitives, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item This interface is stable over time: only new system calls can
+ be added by the kernel developers
+ \item This system call interface is wrapped by the C library, and
+ userspace applications usually never make a system call directly
+ but rather use the corresponding C library function
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Virtual filesystems}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linux makes system and kernel information available in
+ user-space through virtual filesystems.
+ \item Virtual filesystems allow applications to see directories and
+ files that do not exist on any real storage: they are created on the
+ fly by the kernel
+ \item The two most important virtual filesystems are
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{proc}, for process-related information
+ \item \code{sysfs}, for device-related information
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux usage}
+{Kernel overview\\
+\normalsize Linux versioning scheme and development process}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Until 2.6 (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item One stable major branch every 2 or 3 years
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Identified by an even middle number
+ \item Examples: \code{1.0.x, 2.0.x, 2.2.x, 2.4.x}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item One development branch to integrate new functionalities and
+ major changes
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Identified by an odd middle number
+ \item Examples: \code{2.1.x, 2.3.x, 2.5.x}
+ \item After some time, a development version becomes the new base
+ version for the stable branch
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Minor releases once in while: \code{2.2.23, 2.5.12}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Until 2.6 (2)}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/old-development-process.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Changes since Linux 2.6 (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Since \code{2.6.0}, kernel developers have been able to
+ introduce lots of new features one by one on a steady pace,
+ without having to make major changes in existing subsystems.
+ \item So far, there was no need to create a new development branch
+ (such as \code{2.7}), which would massively break compatibility
+ with the stable branch.
+ \item Thanks to this, {\bf more features are released to users at a
+ faster pace}.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Changes since Linux 2.6 (2)}
+ Since 2.6.14, the kernel developers agreed on the following
+ development model:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item After the release of a \code{2.6.x} version, a two-weeks merge
+ window opens, during which major additions are merged.
+ \item The merge window is closed by the release of test version
+ \code{2.6.(x+1)-rc1}
+ \item The bug fixing period opens, for 6 to 10 weeks.
+ \item At regular intervals during the bug fixing period,
+ \code{2.6.(x+1)-rcY} test versions are released.
+ \item When considered sufficiently stable, kernel \code{2.6.(x+1)}
+ is released, and the process starts again.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Merge and bug fixing windows}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/new-development-process.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{More stability for the 2.6 kernel tree}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Issue: bug and security fixes only released for most recent
+ stable kernel versions.
+ \item Some people need to have a recent kernel, but with long term
+ support for security updates.
+ \item You could get long term support from a commercial embedded
+ Linux provider.
+ \item You could reuse sources for the kernel used in Ubuntu Long
+ Term Support releases (5 years of free security updates).
+ \item You could choose one of the versions advertised as “long termâ€
+ in the \url{http://kernel.org} front page. They will be maintained
+ longer (2 or 3 years), unlike other versions.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/stable-kernels.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{New 3.x branch}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item From 2003 to 2011, the official kernel versions were named \code{2.6.x}.
+ \item Linux \code{3.0} was released in July 2011
+ \item There is no change to the development model, only a change to
+ the numbering scheme
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Official kernel versions will be named \code{3.x}
+ (\code{3.0, 3.1, 3.2}, etc.)
+ \item Stabilized versions will be named \code{3.x.y}
+ (\code{3.0.2, 3.4.3}, etc.)
+ \item It effectively only removes a digit compared to the previous
+ numbering scheme
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{What's new in each Linux release?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The official list of changes for each Linux release is just a
+ huge list of individual patches!
+\Tiny
+ \begin{verbatim}
+commit aa6e52a35d388e730f4df0ec2ec48294590cc459
+Author: Thomas Petazzoni <thomas.petazzoni at free-electrons.com>
+Date: Wed Jul 13 11:29:17 2011 +0200
+
+ at91: at91-ohci: support overcurrent notification
+
+ Several USB power switches (AIC1526 or MIC2026) have a digital output
+ that is used to notify that an overcurrent situation is taking
+ place. This digital outputs are typically connected to GPIO inputs of
+ the processor and can be used to be notified of those overcurrent
+ situations.
+
+ Therefore, we add a new overcurrent_pin[] array in the at91_usbh_data
+ structure so that boards can tell the AT91 OHCI driver which pins are
+ used for the overcurrent notification, and an overcurrent_supported
+ boolean to tell the driver whether overcurrent is supported or not.
+
+ The code has been largely borrowed from ohci-da8xx.c and
+ ohci-s3c2410.c.
+
+ Signed-off-by: Thomas Petazzoni <thomas.petazzoni at free-electrons.com>
+ Signed-off-by: Nicolas Ferre <nicolas.ferre at atmel.com>
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Very difficult to find out the key changes and to get the
+ global picture out of individual changes.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Fortunately, there are some useful resources available
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \url{http://wiki.kernelnewbies.org/LinuxChanges}
+ \item \url{http://lwn.net}
+ \item \url{http://linuxfr.org}, for French readers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/adeos-interrupt-pipeline1.jpg b/slides/sysdev-realtime/adeos-interrupt-pipeline1.jpg
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/bottom-half-problem.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/bottom-half-problem.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38aaea0
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+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Interrupt handler
+wakes up task B#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-7.5,33.8212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="1,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="0.95,36.45;8.55,38.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="1,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="4.75,37.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="1.315,36.7263;8.185,38.2737"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Task B
+running in user mode#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="4.75,37.3212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O4" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="1,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="0.638197,34.95;1.3618,36.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="1,36.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="1,35"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O9" connection="7"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-16,33"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-16.05,32.95;-10.95,35.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="-16,33"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-13.5,34"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-15.7462,33.2263;-11.2538,34.7737"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Task A
+(kernel mode)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-13.5,33.8212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O7" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-4,33"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-4.05,32.95;1.05,35.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="-4,33"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-1.5,34"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-3.76494,33.1982;0.74625,34.8018"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Task A
+(kernel mode)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-1.5,33.8119"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O9" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-16,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-16.3618,34.8882;-15.6382,36.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="-16,36.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="-16,35"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="2"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O7" connection="5"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-19.5,36"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-19.5,35.5275;-16.57,36.12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#System call#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-19.5,36"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-11,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-11.3618,34.8882;-10.6382,36.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="-11,36.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="-11,35"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O2" connection="5"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-11.95,37.075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-11.95,36.6025;-9.71,37.195"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Interrupt#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-11.95,37.075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="1.39625,35.8675"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="1.39625,35.395;6.29625,35.9875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Return from syscall#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="1.39625,35.8675"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-4,35.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-4.1,35.0264;1.1,35.9736"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="-4,35.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="1,35.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.20000000298023224"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-2,37"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-2,35.69;-1.25,37.335"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#?#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.7638888210058212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-2,37"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-basic.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-basic.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47f7d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-basic.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="0,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-0.05,4.6382;20.6118,5.3618"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="0,5"/>
+ <dia:point val="20.5,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="19,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19,5.405;20.565,6.1525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Time#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="19,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="1.5,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="1.45,3.95;10.05,6.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="1.5,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="5.75,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="2.58375,4.22625;8.91625,5.77375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Something not very
+important#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="5.75,4.82125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
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+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-interrupt-duration.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-interrupt-duration.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c54f2ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-interrupt-duration.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1146 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
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+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
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+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-interrupt-latency.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-interrupt-latency.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68aa0bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-interrupt-latency.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1146 @@
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-scheduler-duration.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-scheduler-duration.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3debf69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-scheduler-duration.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1146 @@
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-scheduler-latency.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-scheduler-latency.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df558df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-scheduler-latency.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1146 @@
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67d2f31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/latency.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1120 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/linux-vs-realtime.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/linux-vs-realtime.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..426f9b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/linux-vs-realtime.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="2.822222113609314"/>
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+ <dia:point val="32.45,14.8"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/priority-inversion.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/priority-inversion.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ebb5f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/priority-inversion.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
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+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="22,16.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
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+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="21,8"/>
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+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="39.5,16.905;41.065,17.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Time#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.5,17.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
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+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:string>#Acquires
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+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Waits#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ </dia:composite>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Preempted#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
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+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
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+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
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+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/real-time-extensions-architecture.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/real-time-extensions-architecture.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8b7bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/real-time-extensions-architecture.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.5,19"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.45,18.95;38.05,21.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="28.5,19"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="9.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#868686"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#e5e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31.205,19.5063;35.295,20.4938"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Hardware#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,20.2938"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.5,15.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.45,15.45;38.05,17.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="28.5,15.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="9.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.6487,16.0062;35.8513,16.9937"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Micro-kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,16.7937"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="34,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.95,10.95;41.05,13.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="34,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.5,12.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.9213,11.7562;40.0787,12.7438"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Linux kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.5,12.5437"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O4" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.5,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.45,10.95;32.05,13.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="25.5,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="6.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.75,12.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.7288,11.2271;30.7713,13.2729"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Real-time
+tasks#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.75,12.0146"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O6" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,19"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="32.8882,17.45;33.6118,19.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,19"/>
+ <dia:point val="33.25,17.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="1"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O2" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,15.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.684,13.434;33.316,15.566"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,15.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="28.75,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="1"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O6" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,15.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.1835,13.4335;37.5665,15.5665"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="33.25,15.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="37.5,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="1"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O4" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/rtpipe.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/rtpipe.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f002dcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/rtpipe.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.45,12.45;30.55,15.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="36.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="36.45,12.45;44.55,15.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="36.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.5,13.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.7525,12.9763;30.2475,14.5237"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Xenomai application
+uses the rt_pipe_*() API#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.5,13.5713"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40.5,13.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.67,12.9763;43.33,14.5237"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Linux application
+open("/dev/rtpX")#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="40.5,13.5713"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30.5,13.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.4,13.2764;36.6,14.2236"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="30.5,13.75"/>
+ <dia:point val="36.5,13.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.20000000298023224"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="4"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O1" connection="3"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="32.5,12.905;34.63,13.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#rt-pipe#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.5,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/spinlock.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/spinlock.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1344189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/spinlock.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="9.95,9.6382;30.6118,10.3618"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="10,10"/>
+ <dia:point val="30.5,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.5,11.905;28.5,12.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>##</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29,10.405;30.565,11.1525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Time#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.95,8.95;17.55,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="14.75,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.2587,9.70375;16.2413,10.2962"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel code#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="14.75,10.1762"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O3" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="17.5,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.45,8.95;22.55,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="17.5,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="18.115,9.06875;21.885,10.9312"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Critical section
+protected by
+spinlock#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20,9.54125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.45,8.95;27.55,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.88,9.38625;26.12,10.6137"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Interrupt
+handler#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="25,9.85875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O7" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="19,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="18.6382,10.8882;19.3618,12.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="19,12.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="19,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.5,12.08;18.485,12.6075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Interrupt#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.56444442272186279"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="19,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="18.9,12.0264;22.6,12.9736"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="19,12.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="22.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.20000000298023224"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="20.75,13.45"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="18.3637,12.9775;23.1363,14.205"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Latency caused by
+the spinlock#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20.75,13.45"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/sysdev-realtime.tex b/slides/sysdev-realtime/sysdev-realtime.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..924cb3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/sysdev-realtime.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,1439 @@
+\chapterframe{Real-time in embedded Linux systems}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real Time in Embedded Linux Systems}
+{Introduction}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Embedded Linux and real time}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Due to its advantages, Linux and open-source software are more
+ and more commonly used in embedded applications
+ \item However, some applications also have real-time constraints
+ \item They, at the same time, want to
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Get all the nice advantages of Linux: hardware support,
+ components re-use, low cost, etc.
+ \item Get their real-time constraints met
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/linux-vs-realtime.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Embedded Linux and real time}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linux is an operating system part of the large Unix family
+ \item It was originally designed as a time-sharing system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The main goal was to get the best throughput from the
+ available hardware, by making the best possible usage of
+ resources (CPU, memory, I/O)
+ \item Time determinism was not taken into account
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item On the opposite, real-time constraints imply time determinism,
+ even at the expense of lower global throughput
+ \item Best throughput and time determinism are contradictory
+ requirements
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux and real-time approaches}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Over time, two major approaches have been taken to bring
+ real-time requirements into Linux
+ \item {\bf Approach 1}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Improve the Linux kernel itself so that it matches real-time
+ requirements, by providing bounded latencies, real-time APIs,
+ etc.
+ \item Approach taken by the mainline Linux kernel and the
+ {\bf PREEMPT\_RT} project.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Approach 2}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Add a layer below the Linux kernel that will handle all the
+ real-time requirements, so that the behaviour of Linux doesn't
+ affect real-time tasks.
+ \item Approach taken by RTLinux, RTAI and {\bf Xenomai}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real Time in Embedded Linux Systems}
+{Approach 1\\
+Improving the main Linux kernel with PREEMPT\_RT}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Understanding latency}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When developing real-time applications with a system such as
+ Linux, the typical scenario is the following
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An event from the physical world happens and gets notified
+ to the CPU by means of an interrupt
+ \item The interrupt handler recognizes and handles the event, and
+ then wake-up the user-space task that will react to this event
+ \item Some time later, the user-space task will run and be able to
+ react to the physical world event
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Real-time is about providing guaranteed worst case latencies
+ for this reaction time, called latency
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-basic.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux kernel latency components}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/latency.pdf}\\
+ kernel latency = interrupt latency + handler duration + scheduler
+ latency + scheduler duration
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Interrupt latency}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-interrupt-latency.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Source of interrupt latency}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item One of the concurrency prevention mechanism used in the kernel
+ is the {\bf spinlock}
+ \item It has several variants, but one of the variant commonly used
+ to prevent concurrent accesses between a process context and an
+ interrupt context works by disabling interrupts
+ \item Critical sections protected by spinlocks, or other section in
+ which interrupts are explicitly disabled will delay the beginning
+ of the execution of the interrupt handler
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The duration of these critical sections is unbounded
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Other possible source: shared interrupts
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/spinlock.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Interrupt handler duration}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-interrupt-duration.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Interrupt handler implementation}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item In Linux, many interrupt handlers are split in two parts
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A top-half, started by the CPU as soon as interrupt are
+ enabled. It runs with the interrupt line disabled and is
+ supposed to complete as quickly as possible.
+ \item A bottom-half, scheduled by the top-half, which starts after
+ all pending top-halves have completed their execution.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Therefore, for real-time critical interrupts, bottom-halves
+ shouldn't be used: their execution is delayed by all other
+ interrupts in the system.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/bottom-half-problem.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Scheduler latency}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-scheduler-latency.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Understanding preemption (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The Linux kernel is a preemptive operating system
+ \item When a task runs in user-space mode and gets interrupted by an
+ interruption, if the interrupt handler wakes up another task, this
+ task can be scheduled as soon as we return from the interrupt
+ handler.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/userspace-preemption.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Understanding preemption (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item However, when the interrupt comes while the task is executing
+ a system call, this system call has to finish before another task
+ can be scheduled.
+ \item By default, the Linux kernel does not do kernel preemption.
+ \item This means that the time before which the scheduler will be
+ called to schedule another task is unbounded.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/kernel-preemption.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Scheduler duration}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/latency-highlight-scheduler-duration.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Other non-deterministic mechanisms}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Outside of the critical path detailed previously, other
+ non-deterministic mechanisms of Linux can affect the execution
+ time of real-time tasks
+ \item Linux is highly based on virtual memory, as provided by an
+ MMU, so that memory is allocated on demand. Whenever an
+ application accesses code or data for the first time, it is loaded
+ on demand, which can creates huge delays.
+ \item Many C library services or kernel services are not designed
+ with real-time constraints in mind.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Priority inversion}
+
+ A process with a low priority might hold a lock needed by a higher
+ priority process, effectively reducing the priority of this
+ process. Things can be even worse if a middle priority process uses
+ the CPU.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/priority-inversion.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Interrupt handler priority}
+
+ In Linux, interrupt handlers are executed directly by the CPU
+ interrupt mechanisms, and not under control of the Linux
+ scheduler. Therefore, all interrupt handlers have an higher priority
+ than all tasks running on the system.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/interrupt-inversion.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{The PREEMPT\_RT project}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Long-term project lead by Linux kernel developers Ingo Molnar,
+ Thomas Gleixner and Steven Rostedt
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \url{https://rt.wiki.kernel.org}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The goal is to gradually improve the Linux kernel regarding
+ real-time requirements and to get these improvements merged into
+ the mainline kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item PREEMPT\_RT development works very closely with the mainline
+ development
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Many of the improvements designed, developed and debugged
+ inside PREEMPT\_RT over the years are now part of the mainline
+ Linux kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The project is a long-term branch of the Linux kernel that
+ ultimately should disappear as everything will have been merged
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Improvements in the mainline kernel}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Coming from the PREEMPT\_RT project
+ \item Since the beginning of 2.6
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item O(1) scheduler
+ \item Kernel preemption
+ \item Better POSIX real-time API support
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Since 2.6.18
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Priority inheritance support for mutexes
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Since 2.6.21
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item High-resolution timers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Since 2.6.30
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Threaded interrupts
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Since 2.6.33
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Spinlock annotations
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ Expect more improvements in Linux 3.2 and beyond.
+ \url{http://lwn.net/Articles/464180/} gives a good mainline status
+ and report from the 2011 real-time mini-summit in Prague.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{New preemption options in Linux 2.6}
+ 2 new preemption models offered by standard Linux 2.6:
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/kernel-config-preemption.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{1st option: no forced preemption}
+ \code{CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}\\
+ Kernel code (interrupts, exceptions, system calls) never preempted.
+ Default behavior in standard kernels.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Best for systems making intense computations, on which overall
+ throughput is key.
+ \item Best to reduce task switching to maximize CPU and cache usage
+ (by reducing context switching).
+ \item Still benefits from some Linux 2.6 improvements: O(1)
+ scheduler, increased multiprocessor safety (work on RT preemption
+ was useful to identify hard to find SMP bugs).
+ \item Can also benefit from a lower timer frequency (100 Hz instead
+ of 250 or 1000).
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{2nd option: voluntary kernel preemption}
+ \code{CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}\\
+ Kernel code can preempt itself
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Typically for desktop systems, for quicker application
+ reaction to user input.
+ \item Adds explicit rescheduling points throughout kernel code.
+ \item Minor impact on throughput.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{3rd option: preemptible kernel}
+ \code{CONFIG_PREEMPT}\\
+ Most kernel code can be involuntarily preempted at any time. When a
+ process becomes runnable, no more need to wait for kernel code
+ (typically a system call) to return before running the scheduler.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Exception: kernel critical sections (holding spinlocks), but a
+ rescheduling point occurs when exiting the outer critical section,
+ in case a preemption opportunity would have been signaled while in
+ the critical section.
+ \item Typically for desktop or embedded systems with latency
+ requirements in the milliseconds range.
+ \item Still a relatively minor impact on throughput.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Priority inheritance}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item One classical solution to the priority inversion problem is
+ called priority inheritance
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The idea is that when a task of a low priority holds a lock
+ requested by a higher priority task, the priority of the first
+ task gets temporarily raised to the priority of the second task:
+ it has inherited its priority.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item In Linux, since 2.6.18, mutexes support priority inheritance
+ \item In userspace, priority inheritance must be explicitly enabled
+ on a per- mutex basis.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{High resolution timers}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The resolution of the timers used to be bound to the
+ resolution of the regular system tick
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Usually 100 Hz or 250 Hz, depending on the architecture and
+ the configuration
+ \item A resolution of only 10 ms or 4 ms.
+ \item Increasing the regular system tick frequency is not an
+ option as it would consume too many resources
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The high-resolution timers infrastructure, merged in 2.6.21,
+ allows to use the available hardware timers to program interrupts
+ at the right moment.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Hardware timers are multiplexed, so that a single hardware
+ timer is sufficient to handle a large number of
+ software-programmed timers.
+ \item Usable directly from user-space using the usual timer APIs
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Threaded interrupts}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item To solve the interrupt inversion problem, PREEMPT\_RT has
+ introduced the concept of threaded interrupts
+ \item The interrupt handlers run in normal kernel threads, so that
+ the priorities of the different interrupt handlers can be
+ configured
+ \item The real interrupt handler, as executed by the CPU, is only in
+ charge of masking the interrupt and waking-up the corresponding
+ thread
+ \item The idea of threaded interrupts also allows to use sleeping
+ spinlocks (see later)
+ \item Merged since 2.6.30, the conversion of interrupt handlers to
+ threaded interrupts is not automatic: drivers must be modified
+ \item In PREEMPT\_RT, all interrupt handlers are switched to
+ threaded interrupts
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real-time}
+{PREEMPT\_RT specifics}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{{\tt CONFIG\_PREEMPT\_RT} (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The PREEMPT\_RT patch adds a new level of preemption, called
+ \code{CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}
+ \item This level of preemption replaces all kernel spinlocks by
+ mutexes (or so- called sleeping spinlocks)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Instead of providing mutual exclusion by disabling
+ interrupts and preemption, they are just normal locks: when
+ contention happens, the process is blocked and another one is
+ selected by the scheduler.
+ \item Works well with threaded interrupts, since threads can
+ block, while usual interrupt handlers could not.
+ \item Some core, carefully controlled, kernel spinlocks remain as
+ normal spinlocks.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{{\tt CONFIG\_PREEMPT\_RT} (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item With \code{CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}, virtually all kernel code
+ becomes preemptible
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An interrupt can occur at any time, when returning from the
+ interrupt handler, the woken up process can start immediately.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item This is the last big part of PREEMPT\_RT that isn't fully in
+ the mainline kernel yet
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Part of it has been merged in 2.6.33: the spinlock
+ annotations. The spinlocks that must remain as spinning
+ spinlocks are now differentiated from spinlocks that can be
+ converted to sleeping spinlocks. This has reduced a lot the
+ PREEMPT\_RT patch size!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Threaded interrupts}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The mechanism of threaded interrupts in PREEMPT\_RT is still
+ different from the one merged in mainline
+ \item In PREEMPT\_RT, all interrupt handlers are unconditionally
+ converted to threaded interrupts.
+ \item This is a temporary solution, until interesting drivers in
+ mainline get gradually converted to the new threaded interrupt API
+ that has been merged in 2.6.30.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real-time}
+{Setting up PREEMPT\_RT}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{PREEMPT\_RT setup (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item PREEMPT\_RT is delivered as a patch against the mainline
+ kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Best to have a board supported by the mainline kernel,
+ otherwise the PREEMPT\_RT patch may not apply and may require
+ some adaptations
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Many official kernel releases are supported, but not all. For
+ example, 2.6.31, 2.6.33 and 3.0 are supported, but not 2.6.32 or
+ versions between 2.6.33 and 3.0.
+ \item Quick set up
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Download the latest PREEMPT\_RT patch\\
+ from \footnotesize \url{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/} \normalsize
+ \item Download and extract the corresponding mainline kernel
+ version
+ \item Apply the patch to the mainline kernel tree
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{PREEMPT\_RT setup (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item In the kernel configuration, be sure to enable
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}
+ \item High-resolution timers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Compile your kernel, and boot
+ \item You are now running the real-time Linux kernel
+ \item Of course, some system configuration remains to be done, in
+ particular setting appropriate priorities to the interrupt
+ threads, which depend on your application.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real-time}
+{Real-time application development with PREEMPT\_RT}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Development and compilation}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item No special library is needed, the POSIX real-time API is part
+ of the standard C library
+ \item The glibc or eglibc C libraries are recommended, as support
+ for some real- time features is not available in uClibc yet
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Priority inheritance mutexes or NPTL on some architectures,
+ for example
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Compile a program
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{ARCH-linux-gcc -o myprog myprog.c -lrt}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item To get the documentation of the POSIX API
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Install the \code{manpages-posix-dev} package
+ \item Run \code{man function-name}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Process, thread?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Confusion about the terms {\em process}, {\em thread} and {\em task}
+ \item In Unix, a process is created using \code{fork()} and is composed of
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An address space, which contains the program code, data, stack, shared
+ libraries, etc.
+ \item One thread, that starts executing the main() function.
+ \item Upon creation, a process contains one thread
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Additional threads can be created inside an existing process, using
+ \code{pthread_create()}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They run in the same address space as the initial thread of
+ the process
+ \item They start executing a function passed as argument to
+ \code{pthread_create()}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Process, thread: kernel point of view}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The kernel represents each thread running in the system by a structure of
+ type \code{task_struct}
+ \item From a scheduling point of view, it makes no difference
+ between the initial thread of a process and all additional threads
+ created dynamically using \code{pthread_create()}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/thread-vs-process.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Creating threads}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linux support the POSIX thread API
+ \item To create a new thread
+ \begin{block}{}
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, pthread_attr_t *attr,
+ void *(*routine)(*void*), void *arg);
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \item The new thread will run in the same address space, but will be
+ scheduled independently
+ \item Exiting from a thread
+ \begin{block}{}
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+pthread_exit(void *value_ptr);
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \item Waiting for the termination of a thread
+ \begin{block}{}
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+pthread_join(pthread_t *thread, void **value_ptr);
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Scheduling classes (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The Linux kernel scheduler support different scheduling
+ classes
+ \item The default class, in which processes are started by default
+ is a {\em time-sharing} class
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item All processes, regardless of their priority, get some CPU time
+ \item The proportion of CPU time they get is dynamic and affected
+ by the {\em nice} value, which ranges from -20 (highest) to 19
+ (lowest). Can be set using the \code{nice} or \code{renice} commands
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The real-time classes \code{SCHED_FIFO} and \code{SCHED_RR}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The highest priority process gets all the CPU time, until it
+ blocks.
+ \item In \code{SCHED_RR}, round-robin scheduling between the
+ processes of the same priority. All must block before lower
+ priority processes get CPU time.
+ \item Priorities ranging from 0 (lowest) to 99 (highest)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Scheduling classes (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An existing program can be started in a specific scheduling
+ class with a specific priority using the chrt command line tool
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Example: \code{chrt -f 99 ./myprog}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The \code{sched_setscheduler()} API can be used to change the scheduling class
+ and priority of a process
+ \begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+int sched_setscheduler(pid_t pid, int policy,
+ const struct sched_param *param);
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}{}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{policy} can be \code{SCHED_OTHER}, \code{SCHED_FIFO},
+ \code{SCHED_RR}, etc.
+ \item \code{param} is a structure containing the priority
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Scheduling classes (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The priority can be set on a per-thread basis when a thread is
+ created
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+struct sched_param parm;
+pthread_attr_t attr;
+
+pthread_attr_init(&attr);
+pthread_attr_setinheritsched(&attr, PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED);
+pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(&attr, SCHED_FIFO);
+parm.sched_priority = 42;
+pthread_attr_setschedparam(&attr, &parm);
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \item Then the thread can be created using \code{pthread_create()},
+ passing the \code{attr} structure.
+ \item Several other attributes can be defined this way: stack size,
+ etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Memory locking}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item In order to solve the non-determinism introduced by virtual
+ memory, memory can be locked
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Guarantee that the system will keep it allocated
+ \item Guarantee that the system has pre-loaded everything into
+ memory
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE);}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Locks all the memory of the current address space, for
+ currently mapped pages and pages mapped in the future
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Other, less useful parts of the API: munlockall, mlock,
+ munlock.
+ \item Watch out for non-currently mapped pages
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Stack pages
+ \item Dynamically-allocated memory
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Mutexes}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows mutual exclusion between two threads in the same
+ address space
+ \item Initialization/destruction
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
+ const pthread_mutexattr_t *mutexattr);
+pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \item Lock/unlock
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
+pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \item Priority inheritance must be activated explicitly
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
+pthread_mutexattr_init (&attr);
+pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol(&attr, PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT);
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Timers}
+ \small
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Timer creation
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+timer_create(clockid_t clockid, struct sigevent *evp,
+ timer_t *timerid);
+\end{verbatim}
+\small
+ \end{block}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{clockid} is usually
+ \code{CLOCK_MONOTONIC}. \code{sigevent} defines what happens
+ upon timer expiration: send a signal or start a function in a
+ new thread. \code{timerid} is the returned timer identifier.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Configure the timer for expiration at a given time
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+timer_settime(timer_t timerid, int flags,
+ struct itimerspec *newvalue,
+ struct itimerspec *oldvalue);
+\end{verbatim}
+\small
+ \end{block}
+ \item Delete a timer
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+timer_delete(timer_t timerid)
+\end{verbatim}
+\small
+ \end{block}
+ \item Get the resolution of a clock, \code{clock_getres}
+ \item Other functions: \code{timer_getoverrun()}, \code{timer_gettime()}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Signals}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Signals are asynchronous notification mechanisms
+ \item Notification occurs either
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item By the call of a signal handler. Be careful with the limitations of signal
+ handlers!
+ \item By being unblocked from the \code{sigwait()},
+ \code{sigtimedwait()} or \code{sigwaitinfo()} functions. Usually
+ better.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Signal behaviour can be configured using \code{sigaction()}
+ \item The mask of blocked signals can be changed with
+ \code{pthread_sigmask()}
+ \item Delivery of a signal using \code{pthread_kill()} or
+ \code{tgkill()}
+ \item All signals between \code{SIGRTMIN} and \code{SIGRTMAX}, 32
+ signals under Linux.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Inter-process communication}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Semaphores}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Usable between different processes using named semaphores
+ \item \code{sem_open()}, \code{sem_close()}, \code{sem_unlink()},
+ \code{sem_init()}, \code{sem_destroy()}, \code{sem_wait()},
+ \code{sem_post()}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Message queues}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows processes to exchange data in the form of messages.
+ \item \code{mq_open()}, \code{mq_close()}, \code{mq_unlink()},
+ \code{mq_send()}, \code{mq_receive()}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Shared memory}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows processes to communicate by sharing a segment of
+ memory
+ \item \code{shm_open()}, \code{ftruncate()}, \code{mmap()},
+ \code{munmap()}, \code{close()}, \code{shm_unlink()}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real-time}
+{Debugging latencies in PREEMPT\_RT}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{ftrace - Kernel function tracer}
+
+ Infrastructure that can be used for debugging or analyzing latencies
+ and performance issues in the kernel.
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Developed by Steven Rostedt. Merged in 2.6.27. For earlier
+ kernels, can be found from the PREEMPT\_RT patches.
+ \item Very well documented in \code{Documentation/ftrace.txt}
+ \item Negligible overhead when tracing is not enabled at run-time.
+ \item Can be used to trace any kernel function!
+ \item See our video of Steven's tutorial at OLS 2008:\\
+ \url{http://free-electrons.com/blog/ols-2008-videos/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Using ftrace}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Tracing information available through the debugfs virtual fs
+ (\code{CONFIG_DEBUG_FS} in the {\em Kernel Hacking} section)
+ \item Mount this filesystem as follows:\\
+ \code{mount -t debugfs nodev /debug}
+ \item When tracing is enabled (see the next slides), tracing
+ information is available in \code{/debug/tracing}.
+ \item Check available tracers in
+ \code{/debug/tracing/available_tracers}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Scheduling latency tracer}
+ \small
+ \code{CONFIG_SCHED_TRACER} ({\em Kernel Hacking} section)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Maximum recorded time between waking up a top priority task
+ and its scheduling on a CPU, expressed in us.
+ \item Check that wakeup is listed in
+ \code{/debug/tracing/available_tracers}
+ \item To select, reset and enable this tracer:
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+echo wakeup > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
+echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency
+echo 1 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
+\end{verbatim}
+\small
+ \end{block}
+ \item Let your system run, in particular real-time tasks.\\
+ Dummy example: \code{chrt -f 5 sleep 1}
+ \item Disable tracing:\\
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+echo 0 > /debug/tracing/tracing_enabled
+\end{verbatim}
+\small
+ \end{block}{}
+ \item Read the maximum recorded latency and the corresponding trace:\\
+ \code{cat /debug/tracing/tracing_max_latency}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Useful reading}
+ About real-time support in the standard Linux kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Internals of the RT Patch, Steven Rostedt, Red Hat, June 2007\\
+ \url{http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2007/ols2007v2-pages-161-172.pdf}\\
+ Definitely worth reading.
+ \item The Real-Time Linux Wiki: \url{http://rt.wiki.kernel.org}\\
+ “The Wiki Web for the CONFIG\_PREEMPT\_RT community, and real-time Linux in general.â€\\
+ Contains nice and useful documents!
+ \item See also our books page.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real-time}
+{Approach 2\\
+Real-time extensions to the Linux kernel}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux real-time extensions}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ Three generations
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item RTLinux
+ \item RTAI
+ \item Xenomai
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ A common principle
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Add an extra layer between the hardware and the Linux kernel, to manage
+ real-time tasks separately.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.4\textheight]{slides/sysdev-realtime/real-time-extensions-architecture.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{RTLinux}
+ First real-time extension for Linux, created by Victor Yodaiken.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Nice, but the author filed a software patent covering the
+ addition of real-time support to general operating systems as
+ implemented in RTLinux!
+ \item Its Open Patent License drew many developers away and
+ frightened users. Community projects like RTAI and Xenomai now
+ attract most developers and users.
+ \item February, 2007: RTLinux rights sold to Wind River. Now
+ supported by Wind River as “Real-Time Core for Wind River Linux.â€
+ \item Free version still advertised by Wind River on
+ \url{http://www.rtlinuxfree.com}, but no longer a community
+ project.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{RTAI}
+ \url{http://www.rtai.org/} - {\bf Real-Time Application Interface for Linux}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Created in 1999, by Prof. Paolo Mantegazza (long time
+ contributor to RTLinux), Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale
+ Politecnico di Milano (DIAPM).
+ \item Community project. Significant user base. Attracted
+ contributors frustrated by the RTLinux legal issues.
+ \item Only really actively maintained on x86
+ \item May offer slightly better latencies than Xenomai, at the
+ expense of a less maintainable and less portable code base
+ \item Since RTAI is not really maintained on ARM and other embedded
+ architectures, our presentation is focused on Xenomai.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Xenomai project}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \url{http://www.xenomai.org/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Started in 2001 as a project aiming at emulating traditional
+ RTOS.
+ \item Initial goals: facilitate the porting of programs to GNU /
+ Linux.
+ \item Initially related to the RTAI project (as the RTAI / fusion
+ branch), now independent.
+ \item Skins mimicking the APIs of traditional RTOS such as
+ VxWorks, pSOS+, and VRTXsa as well as the POSIX API, and a
+ “native†API.
+ \item Aims at working both as a co-kernel and on top of
+ PREEMPT\_RT in future upstream Linux versions.
+ \item Will never be merged in the mainline kernel.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Xenomai architecture}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-architecture.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{The Adeos interrupt pipeline abstraction}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item From the Adeos point of view, guest OSes are prioritized
+ domains.
+ \item For each event (interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc...), the
+ various domains may handle the event or pass it down the pipeline.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/adeos-interrupt-pipeline1.jpg}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Adeos virtualized interrupts disabling}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Each domain may be “stalledâ€, meaning that it does not
+ accept interrupts.
+ \item Hardware interrupts are not disabled however (except for the
+ domain leading the pipeline), instead the interrupts received
+ during that time are logged and replayed when the domain is
+ unstalled.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/adeos-interrupt-pipeline2.jpg}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Adeos additional features}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The Adeos I-pipe patch implement additional features,
+ essential for the implementation of the Xenomai real-time
+ extension:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Disables on-demand mapping of kernel-space vmalloc/ioremap
+ areas.
+ \item Disables copy-on-write when real-time processes are forking.
+ \item Allow subscribing to event allowing to follow progress of
+ the Linux kernel, such as Linux system calls, context switches,
+ process destruction, POSIX signals, FPU faults.
+ \item On the ARM architecture, integrates the FCSE patch, which
+ allows to reduce the latency induced by cache flushes during
+ context switches.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Xenomai features}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Factored real-time core with skins implementing various
+ real-time APIs
+ \item Seamless support for hard real-time in user-space
+ \item No second-class citizen, all ports are equivalent feature-wise
+ \item Xenomai support is as much as possible independent from the
+ Linux kernel version (backward and forward compatible when
+ reasonable)
+ \item Each Xenomai branch has a stable user/kernel ABI
+ \item Timer system based on hardware high-resolution timers
+ \item Per-skin time base which may be periodic
+ \item RTDM skin allowing to write real-time drivers
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Xenomai user-space real-time support}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Xenomai supports real-time in user-space on 5 architectures,
+ including 32 and 64 bits variants.
+ \item Two modes are defined for a thread
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item the primary mode, where the thread is handled by Xenomai
+ scheduler
+ \item the secondary mode, when it is handled by Linux scheduler.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Thanks to the services of the Adeos I-pipe service, Xenomai
+ system calls are defined.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A thread migrates from secondary mode to primary mode when
+ such a system call is issued
+ \item It migrates from primary mode to secondary mode when a Linux
+ system call is issued, or to handle gracefully exceptional
+ events such as exceptions or Linux signals.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Life of a Xenomai application}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Xenomai applications are started like normal Linux processes,
+ they are initially handled by the Linux scheduler and have access
+ to all Linux services
+ \item After their initialization, they declare themselves as
+ real-time applications, which migrates them to primary mode. In
+ this mode:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They are scheduled directly by the Xenomai scheduler, so
+ they have the real-time properties offered by Xenomai
+ \item They don't have access to any Linux service, otherwise they
+ get migrated back to secondary mode and loose all real-time
+ properties
+ \item They can only use device drivers that are implemented in
+ Xenomai, not the ones of the Linux kernel
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Need to implement device drivers in Xenomai, and to split
+ real-time and non real-time parts of your applications.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Real Time Driver Model (RTDM)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An approach to unify the interfaces for developing device
+ drivers and associated applications under real-time Linux
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item An API very similar to the native Linux kernel driver API
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Allows to develop in kernel space:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Character-style device drivers
+ \item Network-style device drivers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item See the whitepaper on\\
+ \url{http://www.xenomai.org/documentation/xenomai-2.6/pdf/RTDM-and-Applications.pdf}
+ \item Current notable RTDM based drivers:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Serial port controllers;
+ \item RTnet UDP/IP stack;
+ \item RT socket CAN, drivers for CAN controllers;
+ \item Analogy, fork of the Comedy project, drivers for acquisition cards.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real-time}
+{Setting up Xenomai}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{How to build Xenomai}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Download Xenomai sources at \url{http://download.gna.org/xenomai/stable/}
+ \item Download one of the Linux versions supported by this release\\
+ (see \code{ksrc/arch/<arch>/patches/})
+ \item Since version 2.0, split kernel/user building model.
+ \item Kernel uses a script called \code{script/prepare-kernel.sh}
+ which integrates Xenomai kernel-space support in the Linux
+ sources.
+ \item Run the kernel configuration menu.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linux options for Xenomai configuration}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-kernel-config.png}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Xenomai user-space support}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item User-space libraries are compiled using the traditional autotools
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{./configure --host=arm-linux && make && make DESTDIR=/your/rootfs/ install}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The \code{xeno-config} script, installed when installing
+ Xenomai user-space support helps you to compile your own programs.
+ \item See Xenomai's examples directory.
+ \item Installation details may be found in the \code{README.INSTALL}
+ guide.
+ \item For an introduction on programming with the native API, see:\\
+ \url{http://www.xenomai.org/documentation/branches/v2.4.x/pdf/Native-API-Tour-rev-C.pdf}
+ \item For an introduction on programming with the POSIX API, see:\\
+ \url{http://www.xenomai.org/index.php/Porting_POSIX_applications_to_Xenomai}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Real-time}
+{Developing applications on Xenomai}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{The POSIX skin}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The POSIX skin allows to recompile without changes a
+ traditional POSIX application so that instead of using Linux
+ real-time services, it uses Xenomai services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Clocks and timers, condition variables, message queues,
+ mutexes, semaphores, shared memory, signals, thread management
+ \item Good for existing code or programmers familiar with the
+ POSIX API
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Of course, if the application uses any Linux service that
+ isn't available in Xenomai, it will switch back to secondary mode
+ \item To link an application against the POSIX skin
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{block}{}
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+DESTDIR=/path/to/xenomai/
+export DESTDIR=
+CFL=`$DESTDIR/bin/xeno-config --posix-cflags`
+LDF=`$DESTDIR/bin/xeno-config --posix-ldflags`
+ARCH-gcc $CFL -o rttest rttest.c $LDF
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+\end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Communication with a normal task}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item If a Xenomai real-time application using the POSIX skin wishes
+ to communicate with a separate non-real-time application, it must
+ use the rtipc mechanism
+ \item In the Xenomai application, create an \code{IPCPROTO_XDDP}
+ socket
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+socket(AF_RTIPC, SOCK_DGRAM, IPCPROTO_XDDP);
+setsockopt(s, SOL_RTIPC, XDDP_SETLOCALPOOL,
+ &poolsz, sizeof(poolsz));
+memset(&saddr, 0, sizeof(saddr));
+saddr.sipc_family = AF_RTIPC;
+saddr.sipc_port = PORTX;
+ret = bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item And then the normal socket API \code{sendto()} / \code{recvfrom()}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item In the Linux application
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Open \code{/dev/rtpPORTX}, where \code{PORTX} is the XDDP
+ port
+ \item Use \code{read()} and \code{write()}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{The native API (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A Xenomai specific API for developing real-time tasks
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Usable both in user-space and kernel space. Development of
+ tasks in user- space is the preferred way.
+ \item More coherent and more flexible API than the POSIX
+ API. Easier to learn and understand. Certainly the way to go for
+ new applications.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Applications should include \code{<native/service.h>} , where
+ \code{service} can be \code{alarm}, \code{buffer}, \code{cond},
+ \code{event}, \code{heap}, \code{intr}, \code{misc}, \code{mutex},
+ \code{pipe}, \code{queue}, \code{sem}, \code{task}, \code{timer}
+ \item To compile applications:
+ \begin{block}{}
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+DESTDIR=/path/to/xenomai/
+export DESTDIR
+CFL=`$DESTDIR/bin/xeno-config --xeno-cflags`
+LDF=`$DESTDIR/bin/xeno-config --xeno-ldflags`
+ARCH-gcc $CFL -o rttest rttest.c $LDF -lnative
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \end{block}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{The native API (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Task management services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{rt_task_create()}, \code{rt_task_start()},
+ \code{rt_task_suspend()}, \code{rt_task_resume()},
+ \code{rt_task_delete()}, \code{rt_task_join()}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Counting semaphore services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{rt_sem_create()}, \code{rt_sem_delete()},
+ \code{rt_sem_p()}, \code{rt_sem_v()}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Message queue services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{rt_queue_create()}, \code{rt_queue_delete()},
+ \code{rt_queue_alloc()}, \code{rt_queue_free()},
+ \code{rt_queue_send()}, \code{rt_queue_receive()}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Mutex services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{rt_mutex_create()}, \code{rt_mutex_delete()},
+ \code{rt_mutex_acquire()}, \code{rt_mutex_release()}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{The native API (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Alarm services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{rt_alarm_create()}, \code{rt_alarm_delete()},
+ \code{rt_alarm_start()}, \code{rt_alarm_stop()},
+ \code{rt_alarm_wait()}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Memory heap services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows to share memory between processes and/or to
+ pre-allocate a pool of memory
+ \item \code{rt_heap_create()}, \code{rt_heap_delete()},
+ \code{rt_heap_alloc()}, \code{rt_heap_bind()}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Condition variable services
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{rt_cond_create()}, \code{rt_cond_delete()},
+ \code{rt_cond_signal()}, \code{rt_cond_broadcast()},
+ \code{rt_cond_wait()}, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Xenomai and normal task communication}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Using {\em rt\_pipes}
+ \item In the native Xenomai application, use the Pipe API
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{rt_pipe_create()}, \code{rt_pipe_delete()},
+ \code{rt_pipe_receive()}, \code{rt_pipe_send()},
+ \code{rt_pipe_alloc()}, \code{rt_pipe_free()}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item In the normal Linux application
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Open the corresponding \code{/dev/rtpX} file, the minor is specified at
+ \code{rt_pipe_create()} time
+ \item Then, just \code{read()} and \code{write()} to the opened file
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/rtpipe.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Real-time approaches} The following table is Paul Mac
+ Kenney's summary of his own article describing the various
+ approaches for real-time on Linux:\\
+ \vspace{0.3cm}
+ \tiny
+ \begin{tabular}{|p{1.2cm}|p{1.2cm}|p{1.2cm}|p{1.2cm}|p{1.2cm}|p{1.2cm}|p{1.2cm}|}
+ \hline
+ {\bf Approach} & {\bf Quality} & {\bf Inspection} & {\bf API} & {\bf Complexity} & {\bf Fault isolation} & {\bf HW/SW config} \\
+ \hline
+ Vanilla Linux & 10s of ms, all services & All & POSIX+RT & N/A & None & All \\
+ \hline
+ PREEMPT & 100s of us, sched, int & preempt or irq disable & POSIX+RT & N/A & None & All \\
+ \hline
+ Nested OS (co-kernel) & around 10us, RTOS services & RTOS, hw irq disable & RTOS (can be POSIX RT) & Dual env. & Good & All \\
+ \hline
+ Dual-OS/Dual-Core (ASMP) & less than 1us, RTOS serivces & RTOS & RTOS (can be POSIX RT) & Dual Env. & Excellent & Specialized \\
+ \hline
+ PREEMPT\_RT & 10s of us, sched, int & preempt and irq disable (most ints in process context) & POSIX+RT & {\em Modest} patch & None & All (except some drivers) \\
+ \hline
+ Migration between OSes & ? us, RTOS services & RTOS, hw irq disable & RTOS (can be POSIX RT) & Dual env. & OK & All \\
+ \hline
+ Migration within OS & ? us, RTOS services & Sched, RTOS services & POSIX+RT & Small patch & None & All? \\
+ \hline
+ \end{tabular}\\
+ \vspace{0.3cm}
+ \normalsize
+ Full story at \url{http://lwn.net/Articles/143323}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Books}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ {\bf Building Embedded Linux Systems, O'Reilly}\\
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ By Karim Yaghmour, Jon Masters,\\
+ Gilad Ben-Yossef, Philippe Gerum and others\\
+ (including Michael Opdenacker), August 2008\\
+ \vspace{1cm}
+ A nice coverage of Xenomai (Philippe Gerum)\\
+ and the RT patch (Steven Rostedt)\\
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ \url{http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596529680/}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-realtime/building-embedded-linux-systems.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Organizations}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \url{http://www.realtimelinuxfoundation.org/}\\
+ Community portal for real-time Linux.\\
+ Organizes a yearly workshop.
+ \item \url{http://www.osadl.org}\\
+ Open Source Automation Development Lab (OSADL)\\
+ Targets machine and plant control systems. Most member companies
+ are German (Thomas Gleixner is on board). Supports the use of
+ PREEMPT\_RT and Xenomai and contributes to these projects. Shares
+ useful documentation and resources.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/thread-vs-process.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/thread-vs-process.dia
new file mode 100644
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+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.45,11.45;33.05,16.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="24.5,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.95,11.95;28.55,15.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="25,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.75,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.4337,15.7525;31.0663,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Address space#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.75,16.3475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.75,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.3113,13.1263;28.1888,13.8738"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Thread A#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.75,13.7213"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.95,11.45;43.55,16.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="35,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.5,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35.45,11.95;39.05,15.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="35.5,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.25,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="36.9338,15.7525;41.5663,16.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Address space#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.25,16.3475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O4" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.25,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35.8113,13.1263;38.6887,13.8738"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Thread A#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.25,13.7213"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.5,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="39.45,11.95;43.05,15.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="39.5,12"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="41.25,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="39.81,13.0982;42.7087,13.9018"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Thread B#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="41.25,13.7119"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O8" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="26,17.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26,16.905;32.0975,17.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Process after fork()#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="26,17.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="34.5,17.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.5,16.905;44.205,17.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Process after pthread_create()#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="34.5,17.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/tux.jpg b/slides/sysdev-realtime/tux.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92333f5
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-realtime/tux.jpg differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/userspace-preemption.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/userspace-preemption.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95ee795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/userspace-preemption.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-21,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-21.05,36.45;-13.45,38.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="-21,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-17.25,37.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-20.685,36.7263;-13.815,38.2737"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Task A
+running in user mode#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-17.25,37.3212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-13.5,33"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-13.55,32.95;-6.45,35.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="-13.5,33"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-10,34"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-12.7325,33.2263;-7.2675,34.7737"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Interrupt handler
+wakes up task B#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-10,33.8212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-6.5,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-6.55,36.45;1.05,38.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="-6.5,36.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="-2.75,37.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="-6.185,36.7263;0.685,38.2737"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Task B
+running in user mode#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="-2.75,37.3212"/>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-architecture.dia b/slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-architecture.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ded0464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-architecture.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,1497 @@
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+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O15" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O27" connection="8"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
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+drivers#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:string>#Xenomai
+services#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-kernel-config.png b/slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-kernel-config.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be93f5b
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-kernel-config.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai.png b/slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fe1e7c
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-device-files/sysdev-root-filesystem-device-files.tex b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-device-files/sysdev-root-filesystem-device-files.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e525c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-device-files/sysdev-root-filesystem-device-files.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Devices}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item One of the kernel important role is to {\bf allow applications
+ to access hardware devices}
+ \item In the Linux kernel, most devices are presented to userspace
+ applications through two different abstractions
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Character} device
+ \item {\bf Block} device
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Internally, the kernel identifies each device by a triplet of
+ information
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Type} (character or block)
+ \item {\bf Major} (typically the category of device)
+ \item {\bf Minor} (typically the identifier of the device)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Types of devices}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Block devices
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A device composed of fixed-sized blocks, that can be read
+ and written to store data
+ \item Used for hard disks, USB keys, SD cards, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Character devices
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Originally, an infinite stream of bytes, with no beginning,
+ no end, no size. The pure example: a serial port.
+ \item Used for serial ports, terminals, but also sound cards,
+ video acquisition devices, frame buffers
+ \item Most of the devices that are not block devices are
+ represented as character devices by the Linux kernel
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Devices: everything is a file}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A very important Unix design decision was to represent most of
+ the ``system objects'' as files
+ \item It allows applications to manipulate all “system objects†with
+ the normal file API (\code{open}, \code{read}, \code{write},
+ \code{close}, etc.)
+ \item So, devices had to be represented as files to the applications
+ \item This is done through a special artifact called a {\bf device
+ file}
+ \item It a special type of file, that associates a file name visible
+ to userspace applications to the triplet {\em (type, major,
+ minor)} that the kernel understands
+ \item All {\em device files} are by convention stored in the
+ \code{/dev} directory
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Device files examples}
+
+Example of device files in a Linux system
+
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+$ ls -l /dev/ttyS0 /dev/tty1 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/zero
+brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 2011-05-27 08:56 /dev/sda1
+brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 2 2011-05-27 08:56 /dev/sda2
+crw------- 1 root root 4, 1 2011-05-27 08:57 /dev/tty1
+crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 64 2011-05-27 08:56 /dev/ttyS0
+crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 5 2011-05-27 08:56 /dev/zero
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+
+Example C code that uses the usual file API to write data to a serial port
+
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+int fd;
+fd = open("/dev/ttyS0", O_RDWR);
+write(fd, "Hello", 5);
+close(fd);
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Creating device files}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item On a basic Linux system, the device files have to be created
+ manually using the mknod command
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{mknod /dev/<device> [c|b] major minor}
+ \item Needs root privileges
+ \item Coherency between device files and devices handled by the
+ kernel is left to the system developer
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item On more elaborate Linux systems, mechanisms can be added to
+ create/remove them automatically when devices appear and disappear
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{devtmpfs} virtual filesystem, since kernel 2.6.32
+ \item \code{udev} daemon, solution used by desktop and server Linux
+ systems
+ \item \code{mdev} program, a lighter solution than \code{udev}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/initramfs.dia b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/initramfs.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6dee68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/initramfs.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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+ <dia:composite type="paper">
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+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
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+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
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+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31.95,6.95;43.05,11.05"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="32,7"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.355,13.375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.355,12.64;40.2575,13.5625"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel image (uImage, bzImage, etc.)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.98777773976325989"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.355,13.375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle-with-details.dia b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle-with-details.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..968c536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle-with-details.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="4.05,4.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="4,4.9;15.6,20.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="4.05,4.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="15.050000000000001"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.5,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.45,4.95;37.05,20.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="25.5,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="11,15.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11,14.905;11,15.6525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>##</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="11,15.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="8.7,6.9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="8.7,5.9825;10.95,7.135"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Host#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="8.7,6.9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.15,10.8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="7.15,9.8825;12.5075,11.035"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#NFS server#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="7.15,10.8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.85,7.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.85,6.2325;32.905,7.385"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Target#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.85,7.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="31.4,10.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.5562,9.2325;36.2437,11.6197"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#NFS client
+built into the kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="31.4,10.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15.55,12.475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15.0487,11.1138;26.0013,13.8612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="15.55,12.475"/>
+ <dia:point val="25.5,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_width">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="4"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O1" connection="3"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.875,12.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="18.875,11.9625;22.5225,12.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Ethernet#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.875,12.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="4.5,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="4.5,13.905;15.28,19.4525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#/home/tux/rootfs/
+/home/tux/rootfs/root/
+/home/tux/rootfs/root/README
+/home/tux/rootfs/usr/
+/home/tux/rootfs/usr/bin/
+/home/tux/rootfs/bin/
+/home/tux/rootfs/bin/ls#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="monospace" style="0" name="Courier"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="4.5,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30,13.905;34.62,19.4525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#/
+/root/
+/root/README
+/usr/
+/usr/bin/
+/bin/
+/bin/ls#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="monospace" style="0" name="Courier"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="30,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle.dia b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..589cd6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="4.05,4.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="4,4.9;15.6,12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="4.05,4.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="25.5,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.45,4.95;37.05,12.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="25.5,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="11,15.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="10.9813,14.8863;11,15.6899"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>##</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="11,15.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="8.7,6.9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="8.7,5.9825;10.95,7.135"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Host#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="8.7,6.9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:string>#Target#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1.tex b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..721544e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+\chapterframe
+{Linux root filesystem}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Linux root filesystem}
+{Principle and solutions}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Filesystems}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Filesystems are used to organize data in directories and files
+ on storage devices or on the network. The directories and files
+ are organized as a hierarchy
+ \item In Unix systems, applications and users see a {\bf single
+ global hierarchy} of files and directories, which can be
+ composed of several filesystems.
+ \item Filesystems are {\bf mounted} in a specific location in this
+ hierarchy of directories
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When a filesystem is mounted in a directory (called {\em
+ mount point}), the contents of this directory reflects the
+ contents of the storage device
+ \item When the filesystem is unmounted, the {\em mount point} is
+ empty again.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item This allows applications to access files and directories easily,
+ regardless of their exact storage location
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Filesystems (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Create a mount point, which is just a directory\\
+ \code{$ mkdir /mnt/usbkey}
+ \item It is empty\\
+ \code{$ ls /mnt/usbkey}\\
+ \code{$}
+ \item Mount a storage device in this mount point\\
+ \code{$ mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbkey}\\
+ \code{$}
+ \item You can access the contents of the USB key\\
+ \code{$ ls /mnt/usbkey}\\
+ \code{docs prog.c picture.png movie.avi}\\
+ \code{$}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{mount / umount}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{mount} allows to mount filesystems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{mount -t type device mountpoint}
+ \item \code{type} is the type of filesystem
+ \item \code{device} is the storage device, or network location to
+ mount
+ \item \code{mountpoint} is the directory where files of the
+ storage device or network location will be accessible
+ \item \code{mount} with no arguments shows the currently mounted
+ filesystems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{umount} allows to unmount filesystems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item This is needed before rebooting, or before unplugging a USB
+ key, because the Linux kernel caches writes in memory to
+ increase performances. umount makes sure that those writes are
+ committed to the storage.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Root filesystem}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A particular filesystem is mounted at the root of the hierarchy,
+ identified by \code{/}
+ \item This filesystem is called the {\bf root filesystem}
+ \item As \code{mount} and \code{umount} are programs, they are files
+ inside a filesystem.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They are not accessible before mounting at least one filesystem.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item As the root filesystem is the first mounted filesystem, it
+ cannot be mounted with the normal mount command
+ \item It is mounted directly by the kernel, according to the
+ \code{root=} kernel option
+ \item When no root filesystem is available, the kernel panics\\
+ \tiny
+\begin{verbatim}
+Please append a correct "root=" boot option
+Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown block(0,0)
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Location of the root filesystem}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item It can be mounted from different locations
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item From the partition of a hard disk
+ \item From the partition of a USB key
+ \item From the partition of an SD card
+ \item From the partition of a NAND Flash or similar type of
+ storage device
+ \item From the network, using the NFS protocol
+ \item From memory, using a pre-loaded filesystem (by the
+ bootloader)
+ \item etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item It is up to the system designer to choose the configuration
+ for the system, and configure the kernel behaviour with
+ \code{root=}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Mounting rootfs from storage devices}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Partitions of a hard disk or USB key
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{root=/dev/sdXY}, where \code{X} is a letter indicating
+ the device, and \code{Y} a number indicating the partition
+ \item \code{/dev/sdb2} is the second partition of the second disk
+ drive (either USB key or ATA hard drive)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Partitions of a SD card
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{root=/dev/mmcblkXpY}, where \code{X} is a number
+ indicating the device and \code{Y} a number indicating the
+ partition
+ \item \code{/dev/mmcblk0p2} is the second partition of the first
+ device
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Partitions of a NAND Flash
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{root=/dev/mtdblockX}, where \code{X} is the partition number
+ \item \code{/dev/mtdblock3} is the fourth partition of the NAND
+ flash (if only one NAND flash is present)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Mounting rootfs over the network (1)}
+
+ Once networking works, your root filesystem could be a directory on
+ your GNU/Linux development host, exported by NFS (Network File
+ System). This is very convenient for system development:
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Makes it very easy to update files on the root filesystem,
+ without rebooting. Much faster than through the serial port.
+ \item Can have a big root filesystem even if you don't have support
+ for internal or external storage yet.
+ \item The root filesystem can be huge. You can even build native
+ compiler tools and build all the tools you need on the target
+ itself (better to cross-compile though).
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Mounting rootfs over the network (2)}
+
+ On the development workstation side, a NFS server is needed
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Install an NFS server (example: Debian, Ubuntu)\\
+ \code{sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server}
+ \item Add the exported directory to your /etc/exports file:\\
+ \code{/home/tux/rootfs 192.168.1.111(rw,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{192.168.1.111} is the client IP address
+ \item \code{rw,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check} are the NFS server
+ options for this directory export.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Start or restart your NFS server (example: Debian, Ubuntu)\\
+ \code{sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Mounting rootfs over the network (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item On the target system
+ \item The kernel must be compiled with
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{CONFIG_NFS_FS=y} (NFS support)
+ \item \code{CONFIG_IP_PNP=y} (configure IP at boot time)
+ \item \code{CONFIG_ROOT_NFS=y} (support for NFS as rootfs)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The kernel must be booted with the following parameters:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{root=/dev/nfs} (we want rootfs over NFS)
+ \item \code{ip=192.168.1.111} (target IP address)
+ \item \code{nfsroot=192.168.1.110:/home/tux/rootfs/} (NFS server details)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Mounting rootfs over the network (4)}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle-with-details.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{rootfs in memory: initramfs (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item It is also possible to have the root filesystem integrated
+ into the kernel image
+ \item It is therefore loaded into memory together with the kernel
+ \item This mechanism is called {\bf initramfs}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item It integrates a compressed archive of the filesystem into
+ the kernel image
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item It is useful for two cases
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Fast booting of very small root filesystems. As the
+ filesystem is completely loaded at boot time, application
+ startup is very fast.
+ \item As an intermediate step before switching to a real root
+ filesystem, located on devices for which drivers not part of the
+ kernel image are needed (storage drivers, filesystem drivers,
+ network drivers). This is always used on the kernel of
+ desktop/server distributions to keep the kernel image size
+ reasonable.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{rootfs in memory: initramfs (2)}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/initramfs.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{rootfs in memory: initramfs (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The contents of an initramfs are defined at the kernel
+ configuration level, with the \code{CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE}
+ option
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Can be the path to a directory containing the root
+ filesystem contents
+ \item Can be the path to a cpio archive
+ \item Can be a text file describing the contents of the initramfs
+ (see documentation for details)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The kernel build process will automatically take the contents
+ of the \code{CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE} option and integrate the
+ root filesystem into the kernel image
+ \item \code{Documentation/filesystems/ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt}\\
+ \code{Documentation/early-userspace/README}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subchapterframe
+{Linux root filesystem}
+{Contents}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Root filesystem organization}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The organization of a Linux root filesystem in terms of
+ directories is well-defined by the {\bf Filesystem Hierarchy
+ Standard}
+ \item \url{http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/lsb/fhs}
+ \item Most Linux systems conform to this specification
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Applications expect this organization
+ \item It makes it easier for developers and users as the
+ filesystem organization is similar in all systems
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Important directories (1)}
+ \begin{description}
+ \item[/bin] Basic programs
+ \item[/boot] Kernel image (only when the kernel is loaded from a
+ filesystem, not common on non-x86 architectures)
+ \item[/dev] Device files (covered later)
+ \item[/etc] System-wide configuration
+ \item[/home] Directory for the users home directories
+ \item[/lib] Basic libraries
+ \item[/media] Mount points for removable media
+ \item[/mnt] Mount points for static media
+ \item[/proc] Mount point for the proc virtual filesystem
+ \end{description}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Important directories (2)}
+ \begin{description}
+ \item[/root]Home directory of the root user
+ \item[/sbin]Basic system programs
+ \item[/sys]Mount point of the sysfs virtual filesystem
+ \item[/tmp]Temporary files
+ \item[/usr]
+ \begin{description}
+ \item[/usr/bin]Non-basic programs
+ \item[/usr/lib]Non-basic libraries
+ \item[/usr/sbin]Non-basic system programs
+ \end{description}
+ \item[/var] Variable data files. This includes spool directories and
+ files, administrative and logging data, and transient and
+ temporary files
+ \end{description}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Separation of programs and libraries}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Basic programs are installed in \code{/bin} and \code{/sbin}
+ and basic libraries in \code{/lib}
+ \item All other programs are installed in \code{/usr/bin} and
+ \code{/usr/sbin} and all other libraries in \code{/usr/lib}
+ \item In the past, on Unix systems, \code{/usr} was very often
+ mounted over the network, through NFS
+ \item In order to allow the system to boot when the network was
+ down, some binaries and libraries are stored in \code{/bin},
+ \code{/sbin} and \code{/lib}
+ \item \code{/bin} and \code{/sbin} contain programs like \code{ls},
+ \code{ifconfig}, \code{cp}, \code{bash}, etc.
+ \item \code{/lib} contains the C library and sometimes a few other
+ basic libraries
+ \item All other programs and libraries are in \code{/usr}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85c2cfb
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+ <dia:point val="18,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.95,5.95;40.05,11.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="18,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="0.59999999999999998"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.95,17.95;28.05,22.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="18,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="0.59999999999999998"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.95,17.95;40.05,22.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="30,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="0.59999999999999998"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18,13.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.95,13.6;40.05,16.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="18,13.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.6000000000000014"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="corner_radius">
+ <dia:real val="0.59999999999999998"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.85,23.4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="25.5838,22.6125;32.1163,23.6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Root filesystem#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.85,23.4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.8712,20.2775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.8388,19.49;23.9038,20.4775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Shell#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.8712,20.2775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.2263,20.3175"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31.5525,19.53;38.9,20.5175"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Other application#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.2263,20.3175"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.95,14.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.845,13.9625;31.055,14.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#/sbin/init#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.95,14.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.8862,15.8475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.645,15.14;38.1275,16.0275"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#starts other userspace services and applications#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.95249996334314346"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.8862,15.8475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.96,7.1275"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.41,6.34;30.51,7.3275"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.96,7.1275"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.215,2.1175"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="26.5863,1.33;31.8438,2.3175"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Bootloader#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="80" name="Helvetica-Bold"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.215,2.1175"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.9962,3.3975"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.0512,2.69;35.9412,3.5775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#loads the kernel to RAM and starts it#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.95249996334314346"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.9962,3.3975"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.8513,8.3875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.06,7.68;38.6425,10.4725"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#initializes hardware devices and kernel subsystems
+mounts the root filesystem indicated by root=
+starts the init application, /sbin/init by default#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.95249996334314346"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.8513,8.3875"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.6382,3.95;29.3618,6.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="29,4"/>
+ <dia:point val="29,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O2" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.6382,10.95;29.3618,13.7618"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="29,11"/>
+ <dia:point val="29,13.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O5" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - ZigZagLine" version="1" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,16.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.6382,16.2;29.05,18.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_points">
+ <dia:point val="29,16.25"/>
+ <dia:point val="29,17.125"/>
+ <dia:point val="23,17.125"/>
+ <dia:point val="23,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_orient">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="autorouting">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O3" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - ZigZagLine" version="1" id="O18">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29,16.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="28.95,16.2;35.3618,18.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_points">
+ <dia:point val="29,16.25"/>
+ <dia:point val="29,17.125"/>
+ <dia:point val="35,17.125"/>
+ <dia:point val="35,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_orient">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="autorouting">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O4" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part2/sysdev-root-filesystem-part2.tex b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part2/sysdev-root-filesystem-part2.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..624049f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part2/sysdev-root-filesystem-part2.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{proc virtual filesystem}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The \code{proc} virtual filesystem exists since the beginning of
+ Linux
+ \item It allows
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The kernel to expose statistics about running processes in
+ the system
+ \item The user to adjust at runtime various system parameters
+ about process management, memory management, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The \code{proc} filesystem is used by many standard userspace
+ applications, and they expect it to be mounted in /proc
+ \item Applications such as \code{ps} or \code{top} would not work
+ without the \code{proc} filesystem
+ \item Command to mount \code{/proc}:\\
+ \code{mount -t proc nodev /proc}
+ \item \code{Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt} in the kernel
+ sources
+ \item \code{man proc}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{proc contents}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item One directory for each running process in the system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{/proc/<pid>}
+ \item \code{cat /proc/3840/cmdline}
+ \item It contains details about the files opened by the process,
+ the CPU and memory usage, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{/proc/interrupts}, \code{/proc/devices},
+ \code{/proc/iomem}, \code{/proc/ioports} contain general
+ device-related information
+ \item \code{/proc/cmdline} contains the kernel command line
+ \item \code{/proc/sys} contains many files that can be written to to
+ adjust kernel parameters
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item They are called {\em sysctl}. See
+ \code{Documentation/sysctl/} in kernel sources.
+ \item Example\\
+ \code{echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{sysfs filesystem}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The \code{sysfs} filesystem is a feature integrated in the 2.6
+ Linux kernel
+ \item It allows to represent in userspace the vision that the kernel
+ has of the buses, devices and drivers in the system
+ \item It is useful for various userspace applications that need to
+ list and query the available hardware, for example udev or mdev
+ \item All applications using sysfs expect it to be mounted in the
+ \code{/sys} directory
+ \item Command to mount \code{/sys}:\\
+ \code{mount -t sysfs nodev /sys}
+ \item
+\begin{verbatim}
+$ ls /sys/
+block bus class dev devices firmware
+fs kernel modulepower
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Basic applications}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item In order to work, a Linux system needs at least a few
+ applications
+ \item An \code{init} application, which is the first userspace
+ application started by the kernel after mounting the root
+ filesystem
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The kernel tries to run \code{/sbin/init}, \code{/bin/init},
+ \code{/etc/init} and \code{/bin/sh}.
+ \item If none of them are found, the kernel panics and the boot
+ process is stopped.
+ \item The init application is responsible for starting all other
+ userspace applications and services
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Usually a shell, to allow a user to interact with the system
+ \item Basic Unix applications, to copy files, move files, list files
+ (commands like \code{mv}, \code{cp}, \code{mkdir}, \code{cat},
+ etc.)
+ \item Those basic components have to be integrated into the root
+ filesystem to make it usable
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Overall booting process}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part2/overall-boot-sequence.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/c-library.dia b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/c-library.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe5bb4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/c-library.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.15,4.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.1,4.9;46.95,7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="33.15,4.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="13.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.4999999999999991"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.6,6.45"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="38.6,5.5325;41.7,6.685"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.6,6.45"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30.7,9.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.65,9;48.95,9.1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="30.7,9.05"/>
+ <dia:point val="48.9,9.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.055,10.49"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.005,10.44;47,12.4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="33.055,10.49"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="13.894999999999996"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.8599999992549421"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.855,11.7575"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.855,10.84;42.0375,11.9925"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#C library#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.855,11.7575"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.055,14.89"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.005,14.84;47.05,16.8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="33.055,14.89"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="13.944999999254939"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.8599999992549421"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.305,16.1075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.305,15.19;42.825,16.3425"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Application#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="37.305,16.1075"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40.0275,14.89"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="39.536,12.1264;40.4832,14.991"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="40.0275,14.89"/>
+ <dia:point val="40.0025,12.35"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.20000000298023224"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="1"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O3" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40.05,10.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="39.5579,7.2264;40.505,10.3509"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="40.05,10.25"/>
+ <dia:point val="40.025,7.45"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.20000000298023224"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O0" connection="6"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/components.dia b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/components.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eed12b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/components.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="17,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.95,4.95;45.05,23.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="17,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="28"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="31,22.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31,21.5825;44.71,22.735"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Cross-compilation toolchain#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="31,22.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18,6"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.95,5.95;30.55,10.05"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="18,6"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O3">
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18,16"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.95,15.95;30.55,20.05"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="12.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="31.5,6"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="31.5,11"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31.45,10.95;44.05,15.05"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="31.5,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="12.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#a34804"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffd192"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.355,8.1575"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.355,7.24;26.01,8.3925"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Binutils#</dia:string>
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+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.355,8.1575"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="20.65,12.2825;28.3225,13.435"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#C/C++ libraries#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20.65,13.2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.05,17.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="20.4137,16.8325;27.6862,19.2197"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#GDB debugger
+(optional)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24.05,17.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="34.27,8.2775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.27,7.36;41.6775,8.5125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel headers#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="34.27,8.2775"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="34.35,13.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.35,12.2325;41.11,13.385"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#GCC compiler#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="34.35,13.15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/cross-toolchain.dia b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/cross-toolchain.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5527886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/cross-toolchain.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="10,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="9.95,4.95;35.05,14.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="10,5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.95,5.95;33.05,8.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12,6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="21"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#e5e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.95,9.95;21.05,13.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="12,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#e5e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="23.95,9.95;33.05,13.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="24,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#e5e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.7,9.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="36.3137,8.25;43.0862,10.9786"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Compilation
+machine#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.7,9.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.1963,20.18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="36.4288,19.13;41.9638,21.8586"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Execution
+machine#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.1963,20.18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="19.3,7.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.3,6.3825;25.3875,7.535"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Source code#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="19.3,7.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.46,11.8475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="12.46,10.9012;20.5488,12.1401"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Native toolchain#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="12.46,11.8475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.42,11.2275"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24.48,10.31;32.36,12.6972"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Cross-compiling
+toolchain#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.42,11.2275"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.41,13.475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.3913,12.8613;34.605,13.6649"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#x86#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.41,13.475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - ZigZagLine" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,8.05026"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.1382,8.00026;22.55,10.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_points">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,8.05026"/>
+ <dia:point val="22.5,9.02513"/>
+ <dia:point val="16.5,9.02513"/>
+ <dia:point val="16.5,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_orient">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="autorouting">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="8"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O2" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - ZigZagLine" version="1" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.45,7.95;28.8618,10.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_points">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,8"/>
+ <dia:point val="22.5,9.05"/>
+ <dia:point val="28.5,9.05"/>
+ <dia:point val="28.5,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_orient">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="autorouting">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O1" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O3" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - ZigZagLine" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.1132,12.95;16.8368,18.3118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_points">
+ <dia:point val="16.5,13"/>
+ <dia:point val="16.5,15.6"/>
+ <dia:point val="16.475,15.6"/>
+ <dia:point val="16.475,18.2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_orient">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="autorouting">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O14" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - ZigZagLine" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="28.5,13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="27.8882,13;28.6118,18.6618"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_points">
+ <dia:point val="28.5,13"/>
+ <dia:point val="28.5,13"/>
+ <dia:point val="28.5,18.3"/>
+ <dia:point val="28.5,18.3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="orth_orient">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="autorouting">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O3" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O18" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:group>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="11.1,18.2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="11.05,18.15;21.9,23.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="11.1,18.2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
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+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
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+ </dia:object>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#e5e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="13.91,20.9475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.91,20.03;19.1875,21.1825"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="13.91,20.9475"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#x86#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="20.35,22.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
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+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="23.25,18.3"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="24.11,19.78"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#e5e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O20">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#ARM binary#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="26.02,21.1275"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O21">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.1,22.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="32.1,22.355;33.535,23.1025"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#ARM#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="32.1,22.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:group>
+ </dia:layer>
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/eglibc.png b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/eglibc.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e16a26f
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/eglibc.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/gcc.png b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/gcc.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e0e91c
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/gcc.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/glibc.png b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/glibc.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72149a7
Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/glibc.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/kernel-headers.dia b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/kernel-headers.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..475e582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/kernel-headers.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="33.15,4.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.1,4.9;46.95,7.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="33.15,4.95"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="13.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.4999999999999991"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#add8e6"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.6,6.45"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="38.6,5.5325;41.7,6.685"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.6,6.45"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
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+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
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+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
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+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
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+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
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+ <dia:attribute name="text">
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/linaro.png b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/linaro.png
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Binary files /dev/null and b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/linaro.png differ
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/sysdev-toolchains.tex b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/sysdev-toolchains.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa230e2
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+++ b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/sysdev-toolchains.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
+\chapterframe{Cross-compiling toolchains}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Definition (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The usual development tools available on a GNU/Linux
+ workstation is a {\bf native toolchain}
+ \item This toolchain runs on your workstation and generates code for
+ your workstation, usually x86
+ \item For embedded system development, it is usually impossible or not
+ interesting to use a native toolchain
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The target is too restricted in terms of storage and/or memory
+ \item The target is very slow compared to your workstation
+ \item You may not want to install all development tools on your target.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Therefore, {\bf cross-compiling toolchains} are generally
+ used. They run on your workstation but generate code for your
+ target.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Definition (2)}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/cross-toolchain.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Components}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/components.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Binutils}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Binutils} is a set of tools to generate and manipulate
+ binaries for a given CPU architecture
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{as}, the assembler, that generates binary code from
+ assembler source code
+ \item \code{ld}, the linker
+ \item \code{ar}, \code{ranlib}, to generate \code{.a} archives,
+ used for libraries
+ \item \code{objdump}, \code{readelf}, \code{size}, \code{nm},
+ \code{strings}, to inspect binaries. Very useful analysis tools
+ !
+ \item \code{strip}, to strip useless parts of binaries in order to
+ reduce their size
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/}
+ \item GPL license
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel headers (1)}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.6\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The C library and compiled programs needs to interact with the kernel
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Available system calls and their numbers
+ \item Constant definitions
+ \item Data structures, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Therefore, compiling the C library requires kernel headers, and many
+ applications also require them.
+ \item Available in \code{<linux/...>} and \code{<asm/...>} and a few
+ other directories corresponding to the ones visible in
+ \code{include/} in the kernel sources
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column[c]{0.4\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/kernel-headers.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Kernel headers (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item System call numbers, in \code{<asm/unistd.h>}
+\begin{verbatim}
+#define __NR_ext 1
+#define __NR_fork 2
+#define __NR_read 3
+\end{verbatim}
+ \item Constant definitions, here in \code{<asm-generic/fcntl.h>},
+ included from \code{<asm/fcntl.h>}, included from
+ \code{<linux/fcntl.h>}
+\begin{verbatim}
+#define O_RDWR 00000002
+\end{verbatim}
+\item Data structures, here in \code{<asm/stat.h>}
+\begin{verbatim}
+struct stat {
+ unsigned long st_dev;
+ unsigned long st_ino;
+ [...]
+};
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel headers (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The kernel-to-userspace ABI is {\bf backward compatible}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Binaries generated with a toolchain using kernel headers
+ older than the running kernel will work without problem, but
+ won't be able to use the new system calls, data structures, etc.
+ \item Binaries generated with a toolchain using kernel headers
+ newer than the running kernel might work on if they don't use
+ the recent features, otherwise they will break
+ \item Using the latest kernel headers is not necessary, unless
+ access to the new kernel features is needed
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item The kernel headers are extracted from the kernel sources using
+ the \code{headers_install} kernel Makefile target.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{GCC compiler}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item GNU C Compiler, the famous free software compiler
+ \item Can compile C, C++, Ada, Fortran, Java, Objective-C,
+ Objective-C++, and generate code for a large number of CPU
+ architectures, including ARM, AVR, Blackfin, CRIS, FRV, M32, MIPS,
+ MN10300, PowerPC, SH, v850, i386, x86\_64, IA64, Xtensa, etc.
+ \item \url{http://gcc.gnu.org/}
+ \item Available under the GPL license, libraries under the LGPL.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/gcc.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{C library}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The C library is an essential component of a Linux system
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Interface between the applications and the kernel
+ \item Provides the well-known standard C API to ease application
+ development
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Several C libraries are available:\\
+ {\em glibc}, {\em uClibc}, {\em eglibc}, {\em dietlibc}, {\em
+ newlib}, etc.
+ \item The choice of the C library must be made at the time of the
+ cross-compiling toolchain generation, as the GCC compiler is
+ compiled against a specific C library.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/c-library.pdf}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{glibc}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item License: LGPL
+ \item C library from the GNU project
+ \item Designed for performance, standards compliance and portability
+ \item Found on all GNU / Linux host systems
+ \item Of course, actively maintained
+ \item Quite big for small embedded systems: approx 2.5 MB on ARM
+ (version 2.9 - \code{libc}: 1.5 MB, \code{libm}: 750 KB)
+ \item \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/glibc.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{uClibc}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item License: LGPL
+ \item Lightweight C library for small embedded systems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item High configurability: many features can be enabled or
+ disabled through a menuconfig interface
+ \item Works only with Linux/uClinux, works on most embedded
+ architectures
+ \item No stable ABI, different ABI depending on the library
+ configuration
+ \item Focus on size rather than performance
+ \item Small compile time
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \url{http://www.uclibc.org/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{uClibc (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Most of the applications compile with uClibc. This applies to
+ all applications used in embedded systems.
+ \item Size (arm): 4 times smaller than glibc!
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item uClibc 0.9.30.1: approx. 600 KB (libuClibc: 460 KB, libm:
+ 96KB)
+ \item glibc 2.9: approx 2.5 MB
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Some features not available or limited: priority-inheritance
+ mutexes, NPTL support is very new, fixed Name Service Switch
+ functionality, etc.
+ \item Used on a large number of production embedded products,
+ including consumer electronic devices
+ \item Actively maintained, large developer and user base
+ \item Supported and used by MontaVista, TimeSys and Wind River.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Honey, I shrunk the programs!}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Executable size comparison on ARM, tested with {\em glibc}
+ 2.9 and {\em uClibc} 0.9.30.1
+ \item Plain ``hello world'' program (stripped)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item With shared libraries: 5.6 KB with {\em glibc}, 5.4 KB with
+ {\em uClibc}
+ \item With static libraries: 472 KB with {\em glibc}, 18 KB with
+ {\em uClibc}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Busybox (stripped)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item With shared libraries: 245 KB with {\em glibc}, 231 KB with
+ {\em uClibc}
+ \item With static libraries: 843 KB with {\em glibc}, 311 KB with
+ {\em uClibc}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{eglibc}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.8\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\em Embedded glibc}, under the LGPL
+ \item Variant of the GNU C Library (GLIBC) designed to work well on
+ embedded systems
+ \item Strives to be source and binary compatible with GLIBC
+ \item eglibc's goals include reduced footprint, configurable
+ components, better support for cross-compilation and
+ cross-testing.
+ \item Can be built without support for NIS, locales, IPv6, and many
+ other features.
+ \item Supported by a consortium, with Freescale, MIPS, MontaVista
+ and Wind River as members.
+ \item The Debian distribution has switched to eglibc too,
+ \url{http://blog.aurel32.net/?p=47}
+ \item \url{http://www.eglibc.org}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.2\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/eglibc.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Other smaller C libraries}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Several other smaller C libraries have been developed, but
+ none of them have the goal of allowing the compilation of large
+ existing applications
+ \item They need specially written programs and applications
+ \item Choices:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Dietlibc, \url{http://www.fefe.de/dietlibc/}. Approximately
+ 70 KB.
+ \item Newlib, \url{http://sourceware.org/newlib/}
+ \item Klibc, \url{http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc/},
+ designed for use in an {\em initramfs} or {\em initrd} at boot
+ time.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Machines in build procedures}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Three machines must be distinguished when discussing toolchain creation
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The {\bf build} machine, where the toolchain is built.
+ \item The {\bf host} machine, where the toolchain will be executed.
+ \item The {\bf target} machine, where the binaries created by the
+ toolchain are executed.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Four common build types are possible for toolchains
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Different toolchain build procedures}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/toolchain-build-types.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{ABI}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When building a toolchain, the ABI used to generate binaries
+ needs to be defined
+ \item ABI, for {\em Application Binary Interface}, defines the
+ calling conventions (how function arguments are passed, how the
+ return value is passed, how system calls are made) and the
+ organization of structures (alignment, etc.)
+ \item All binaries in a system must be compiled with the same ABI,
+ and the kernel must understand this ABI.
+ \item On ARM, two main ABIs: {\em OABI} and {\em EABI}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Nowadays everybody uses {\em EABI}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item On MIPS, several ABI: {\em o32, o64, n32, n64}
+ \item \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_Binary_Interface}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Floating point support}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Some processors have a floating point unit, some others do not.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item For example, many ARMv4 and ARMv5 CPUs do not have a
+ floating point unit. Since ARMv7, a VFP unit is mandatory.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item For processors having a floating point unit, the toolchain
+ should generate {\em hard float} code, in order to use the
+ floating point instructions directly
+ \item For processors without a floating point unit, two solutions
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Generate {\em hard float code} and rely on the kernel to
+ emulate the floating point instructions. This is very slow.
+ \item Generate {\em soft float code}, so that instead of
+ generating floating point instructions, calls to a userspace
+ library are generated
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Decision taken at toolchain configuration time
+ \item Also possible to configure which floating point unit should be used
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{CPU optimization flags}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item A set of cross-compiling tools is specific to a CPU architecture (ARM,
+ x86, MIPS, PowerPC)
+ \item However, with the \code{-march=}, \code{-mcpu=},
+ \code{-mtune=} options, one can select more precisely the
+ target CPU type
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item For example, \code{-march=armv7 -mcpu=cortex-a8}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item At the toolchain compilation time, values can be chosen. They are used:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item As the default values for the cross-compiling tools, when no
+ other \code{-march}, \code{-mcpu}, \code{-mtune} options are
+ passed
+ \item To compile the C library
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Even if the C library has been compiled for armv5t, it doesn't
+ prevent from compiling other programs for armv7
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Building a toolchain manually} Building a
+ cross-compiling toolchain by yourself is a difficult and painful
+ task! Can take days or weeks!
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Lots of details to learn: many components to build, complicated
+ configuration
+ \item Lots of decisions to make (such as C library version, ABI, floating point
+ mechanisms, component versions)
+ \item Need kernel headers and C library sources
+ \item Need to be familiar with current \code{gcc} issues and patches
+ on your platform
+ \item Useful to be familiar with building and configuring tools
+ \item See the {\em Crosstool-NG} \code{docs/} directory for details
+ on how toolchains are built.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Get a pre-compiled toolchain}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Solution that many people choose
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Advantage: it is the simplest and most convenient solution
+ \item Drawback: you can't fine tune the toolchain to your needs
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Determine what toolchain you need: CPU, endianism, C library, component
+ versions, ABI, soft float or hard float, etc.
+ \item Check whether the available toolchains match your requirements.
+ \item Possible choices
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Sourcery CodeBench toolchains
+ \item Linaro toolchains
+ \item More references at \url{http://elinux.org/Toolchains}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Sourcery CodeBench}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\em CodeSourcery} was a a company with an extended expertise
+ on free software toolchains: gcc, gdb, binutils and glibc. It has
+ been bought by {\em Mentor Graphics}, which continues to provide
+ similar services and products
+ \item They sell toolchains with support, but they also provide a
+ â€{\em Lite}†version, which is free and usable for commercial
+ products
+ \item They have toolchains available for
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item ARM
+ \item MIPS
+ \item PowerPC
+ \item SuperH
+ \item x86
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Be sure to use the GNU/Linux versions. The EABI versions are
+ for bare-metal development (no operating system)
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Linaro toolchains}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.9\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linaro contributes to improving mainline gcc on ARM, in
+ particular by hiring CodeSourcery developers.
+ \item For people who can't wait for the next releases of gcc, Linaro
+ releases modified sources of stable releases of gcc, with these
+ optimizations for ARM (mainly for recent Cortex A CPUs).
+ \item As any gcc release, these sources can be used by build tools
+ to build their own binary toolchains (Buildroot, OpenEmbedded...)
+ This allows to support glibc, uClibc and eglibc.
+ \item \small\url{https://wiki.linaro.org/WorkingGroups/ToolChain}\normalsize
+ \item Binary packages are available for Ubuntu users,
+ \url{https://launchpad.net/~linaro-maintainers/+archive/toolchain}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.1\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-toolchains/linaro.png}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Installing and using a pre-compiled toolchain}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Follow the installation procedure proposed by the vendor
+ \item Usually, it is simply a matter of extracting a tarball
+ wherever you want.
+ \item Then, add the path to toolchain binaries in your \code{PATH}:\\
+ \code{export PATH=/path/to/toolchain/bin/:$PATH}
+ \item Finally, compile your applications\\
+ \code{PREFIX-gcc -o foobar foobar.c}
+ \item The \code{PREFIX} depends on the toolchain configuration, and
+ allows to distinguish cross-compilation tools from native
+ compilation utilities
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Toolchain building utilities}
+ Another solution is to use utilities that {\bf automate the process of
+ building the toolchain}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Same advantage as the pre-compiled toolchains: you don't need
+ to mess up with all the details of the build process
+ \item But also offers more flexibility in terms of toolchain
+ configuration, component version selection, etc.
+ \item They also usually contain several patches that fix known
+ issues with the different components on some architectures
+ \item Multiple tools with identical principle: shell scripts or
+ Makefile that automatically fetch, extract, configure, compile and
+ install the different components
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Toolchain building utilities (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\bf Crosstool-ng}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Rewrite of the older Crosstool, with a menuconfig-like configuration
+ system
+ \item Feature-full: supports uClibc, glibc, eglibc, hard and soft
+ float, many architectures
+ \item Actively maintained
+ \item \url{http://crosstool-ng.org/}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+\frametitle{Toolchain building utilities (3)}
+Many root filesystem building systems also allow the construction of
+a cross-compiling toolchain
+\begin{itemize}
+\item {\bf Buildroot}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Makefile-based, has a Crosstool-NG back-end, maintained by the
+ community
+ \item \url{http://www.buildroot.net}
+ \end{itemize}
+\item {\bf PTXdist}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Makefile-based, uClibc or glibc, maintained mainly by {\em Pengutronix}
+ \item \url{http://www.pengutronix.de/software/ptxdist/index_en.html}
+ \end{itemize}
+\item {\bf OpenEmbedded}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The feature-full, but more complicated building system
+ \item \url{http://www.openembedded.org/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Crosstool-NG: installation and usage}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Installation of Crosstool-NG can be done system-wide, or just locally in
+ the source directory. For local installation:
+\begin{verbatim}
+./configure --local
+make
+make install
+\end{verbatim}
+ \item Some sample configurations for various architectures are
+ available in
+ samples, they can be listed using
+\begin{verbatim}
+./ct-ng list-samples
+\end{verbatim}
+ \item To load a sample configuration
+\begin{verbatim}
+./ct-ng <sample-name>
+\end{verbatim}
+ \item To adjust the configuration
+\begin{verbatim}
+./ct-ng menuconfig
+\end{verbatim}
+ \item To build the toolchain
+\begin{verbatim}
+./ct-ng build
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Toolchain contents}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The cross compilation tool binaries, in \code{bin/}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item This directory can be added to your \code{PATH} to ease
+ usage of the toolchain
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item One or several {\em sysroot}, each containing
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The C library and related libraries, compiled for the target
+ \item The C library headers and kernel headers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item There is one {\em sysroot} for each variant: toolchains can be
+ {\em multilib} if they have several copies of the C library for
+ different configurations (for example: ARMv4T, ARMv5T, etc.)
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item CodeSourcery ARM toolchain are multilib, the sysroots are in
+ \code{arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/},
+ \code{arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/armv4t/},
+ \code{arm-none-linux-gnueabi/libc/thumb2}
+ \item Crosstool-NG toolchains are never multilib, the sysroot is
+ in \code{arm-unknown-linux-uclibcgnueabi/sysroot}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{Using Crosstool-NG}
+{
+ Time to build your toolchain
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Configure Crosstool-NG
+ \item Run it to build your own cross-compiling toolchain
+ \end{itemize}
+}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-toolchains/toolchain-build-types.dia b/slides/sysdev-toolchains/toolchain-build-types.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d89581d
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+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.0323,-0.805904"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O22">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.7911,-0.741206"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.7911,-1.52871;24.4111,-0.541206"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Target#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="21.7911,-0.741206"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O23">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="42.6617,-11.7736"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="42.6617,-12.5611;45.2817,-11.5736"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Target#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="42.6617,-11.7736"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O24">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="42.6617,-0.676507"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="42.6617,-1.46401;45.2817,-0.476507"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Target#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.0583332926034927"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="42.6617,-0.676507"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O25">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.5,-7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13.9125,-7.595;23.0875,-6.0475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#used to build the normal gcc
+of a workstation#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="18.5,-7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O26">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="15,-8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15,-9.05;21.79,-7.7325"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Native build#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="15,-8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O27">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="36.05,-8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="36.05,-9.05;42.2775,-7.7325"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Cross build#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="36.05,-8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O28">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.5,-7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.9537,-7.595;45.0463,-5.2475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#used to build a toolchain that runs
+on your workstation but generates
+binaries for the target#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.5,-7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O29">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="13,3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="13,1.95;23.16,3.2675"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Cross-native build#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="13,3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O30">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35,3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35,1.95;43.46,3.2675"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Canadian build#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.411111056804657"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35,3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O31">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="18,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="10.985,3.405;25.015,4.9525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#used to build a toolchain that runs on your
+target and generates binaries for the target#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="18,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O32">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="32.4,3.405;45.6,5.7525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#used to build on architecture A a
+toolchain that runs on architecture B
+and generates binaries for architecture C#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="39,4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O33">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30.9891,-3.8375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.9891,-4.4325;47.4991,-3.685"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#The most common case in embedded development#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="30.9891,-3.8375"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-u-boot/sysdev-u-boot.tex b/slides/sysdev-u-boot/sysdev-u-boot.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb6b23e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-u-boot/sysdev-u-boot.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+\chapterframe{The U-boot bootloader}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{U-Boot}
+ U-Boot is a typical free software project
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Freely available at \url{http://www.denx.de/wiki/U-Boot}
+ \item Documentation available at
+ \url{http://www.denx.de/wiki/U-Boot/Documentation}
+ \item The latest development source code is available in a Git
+ repository:
+ \url{http://git.denx.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=u-boot.git;a=summary}
+ \item Development and discussions happen around an open mailing-list
+ \url{http://lists.denx.de/pipermail/u-boot/}
+ \item Since the end of 2008, it follows a fixed-interval release
+ schedule. Every two months, a new version is released. Versions
+ are named \code{YYYY.MM}.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{U-Boot configuration}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Get the source code from the website, and uncompress it
+ \item The \code{include/configs/} directory contains one
+ configuration file for each supported board
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item It defines the CPU type, the peripherals and their configuration, the
+ memory mapping, the U-Boot features that should be compiled in, etc.
+ \item It is a simple \code{.h} file that sets pre-processor
+ constants. See the \code{README} file for the documentation of
+ these constants.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Assuming that your board is already supported by U-Boot, there
+ should be one file corresponding to your board, for example
+ \code{include/configs/igep0020.h}
+ \item This file can also be adjusted to add or remove features from
+ U-Boot
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{U-Boot configuration file excerpt}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+/* CPU configuration */
+#define CONFIG_ARMV7 1
+#define CONFIG_OMAP 1
+#define CONFIG_OMAP34XX 1
+#define CONFIG_OMAP3430 1
+#define CONFIG_OMAP3_IGEP0020 1
+[...]
+/* Memory configuration */
+#define CONFIG_NR_DRAM_BANKS 2
+#define PHYS_SDRAM_1 OMAP34XX_SDRC_CS0
+#define PHYS_SDRAM_1_SIZE (32 << 20)
+#define PHYS_SDRAM_2 OMAP34XX_SDRC_CS1
+[...]
+/* USB configuration */
+#define CONFIG_MUSB_UDC 1
+#define CONFIG_USB_OMAP3 1
+#define CONFIG_TWL4030_USB 1
+[...]
+\end{verbatim}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+/* Available commands and features */
+#define CONFIG_CMD_CACHE
+#define CONFIG_CMD_EXT2
+#define CONFIG_CMD_FAT
+#define CONFIG_CMD_I2C
+#define CONFIG_CMD_MMC
+#define CONFIG_CMD_ONENAND
+#define CONFIG_CMD_NET
+#define CONFIG_CMD_DHCP
+#define CONFIG_CMD_PING
+#define CONFIG_CMD_NFS
+#define CONFIG_CMD_MTDPARTS
+[...]
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Configuring and compiling U-Boot}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item U-Boot must be configured before being compiled
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{make BOARDNAME_config}
+ \item Where \code{BOARDNAME} is usually the name of the
+ configuration file in \code{include/configs/}, without the
+ \code{.h}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Make sure that the cross-compiler is available in \code{PATH}
+ \item Compile U-Boot, by specifying the cross-compiler prefix.\\
+ Example, if your cross-compiler executable is \code{arm-linux-gcc}:\\
+ \code{make CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-}
+ \item The result is a \code{u-boot.bin} file, which is the U-Boot
+ image
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Installing U-Boot}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item U-Boot must usually be installed in flash memory to be
+ executed by the hardware. Depending on the hardware, the
+ installation of U-Boot is done in a different way:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The CPU provides some kind of specific boot monitor with
+ which you can communicate through serial port or USB using a
+ specific protocol
+ \item The CPU boots first on removable media (MMC) before booting
+ from fixed media (NAND). In this case, boot from MMC to reflash
+ a new version
+ \item U-Boot is already installed, and can be used to flash a new
+ version of U-Boot. However, be careful: if the new version of
+ U-Boot doesn't work, the board is unusable
+ \item The board provides a JTAG interface, which allows to write
+ to the flash memory remotely, without any system running on the
+ board. It also allows to rescue a board if the bootloader
+ doesn't work.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{U-boot prompt}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Connect the target to the host through a serial console
+ \item Power-up the board. On the serial console, you will see
+ something like:
+ \end{itemize}
+\scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+U-Boot 2010.06-2 (May 13 2011 - 12:13:22)
+OMAP3630/3730-GP ES2.0, CPU-OPP2, L3-165MHz
+IGEP v2 board + LPDDR/ONENAND
+I2C: ready
+DRAM: 512 MiB
+Muxed OneNAND(DDP) 512MB 1.8V 16-bit (0x58)
+OneNAND version = 0x0031
+Chip support all block unlock
+OneNAND: 512 MiB
+OneNAND: Read environment from 0x00200000
+In: serial
+[...]
+Net: smc911x-0
+U-Boot #
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The U-Boot shell offers a set of commands. We will study the
+ most important ones, see the documentation for a complete
+ reference or the \code{help} command.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Information commands}
+\scriptsize
+ {\bf Flash information (NOR and SPI flash)}
+\begin{verbatim}
+U-Boot> flinfo
+DataFlash:AT45DB021
+Nb pages: 1024
+Page Size: 264
+Size= 270336 bytes
+Logical address: 0xC0000000
+Area 0: C0000000 to C0001FFF (RO) Bootstrap
+Area 1: C0002000 to C0003FFF Environment
+Area 2: C0004000 to C0041FFF (RO) U-Boot
+\end{verbatim}
+ {\bf NAND flash information}
+\begin{verbatim}
+U-Boot> nand info
+Device 0: NAND 256MiB 3,3V 8-bit, sector size 128 KiB
+\end{verbatim}
+ {\bf Version details}
+\begin{verbatim}
+U-Boot> version
+U-Boot 2009.08 (Nov 15 2009 - 14:48:35)
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+Those details will vary from one board to the other (according to the
+U-Boot configuration and hardware devices)
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Important commands (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The exact set of commands depends on the U-Boot configuration
+ \item \code{help} and \code{help command}
+ \item \code{boot}, runs the default boot command, stored in
+ \code{bootcmd}
+ \item \code{bootm <address>} , starts a kernel image loaded at the
+ given address in RAM
+ \item \code{ext2load}, loads a file from an ext2 filesystem to RAM
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item And also \code{ext2ls} to list files, \code{ext2info} for
+ information
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{fatload}, loads a file from a FAT filesystem to RAM
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item And also \code{fatls} and \code{fatinfo}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \code{tftp}, loads a file from the network to RAM
+ \item \code{ping}, to test the network
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Important commands (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{loadb}, \code{loads}, \code{loady}, load a file from the
+ serial line to RAM
+ \item \code{usb}, to initialize and control the USB subsystem,
+ mainly used for USB storage devices such as USB keys
+ \item \code{mmc}, to initialize and control the MMC subsystem, used
+ for SD and microSD cards
+ \item \code{nand}, to erase, read and write contents to the NAND
+ \item \code{erase}, \code{protect}, \code{cp}, to erase, modify
+ protection and write to a NOR flash
+ \item \code{md}, displays memory contents. Can be useful to check the
+ contents loaded in memory, or to look at hardware registers.
+ \item \code{mm}, modifies memory contents. Can be useful to modify
+ directly hardware registers, for testing purposes.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Environment variables commands}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item U-Boot can be configured through environment variables, which
+ affect the behavior of the different commands.
+ \item Environment variables are loaded from Flash to RAM at U-Boot
+ startup, can be modified and saved back to Flash for persistence
+ \item There is a dedicated location in Flash to store U-Boot
+ environment, defined in the board configuration file
+ \item Commands to manipulate environment variables:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{printenv}, shows all variables
+ \item \code{printenv <variable-name>}, shows the value of one variable
+ \item \code{setenv <variable-name> <variable- value>}, changes the
+ value of a variable, only in RAM
+ \item \code{saveenv}, saves to Flash the current state of the environment
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Environment variables commands (2)}
+\begin{verbatim}
+u-boot # printenv
+baudrate=19200
+ethaddr=00:40:95:36:35:33
+netmask=255.255.255.0
+ipaddr=10.0.0.11
+serverip=10.0.0.1
+stdin=serial
+stdout=serial
+stderr=serial
+u-boot # printenv serverip
+serverip=10.0.0.2
+u-boot # setenv serverip 10.0.0.100
+u-boot # saveenv
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Important U-Boot env variables}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{bootcmd}, contains the command that U-Boot will
+ automatically execute at boot time after a configurable delay, if
+ the process is not interrupted
+ \item \code{bootargs}, contains the arguments passed to the Linux
+ kernel, covered later
+ \item \code{serverip}, the IP address of the server that U-Boot will
+ contact for network related commands
+ \item \code{ipaddr}, the IP address that U-Boot will use
+ \item \code{netmask}, the network mask to contact the server
+ \item \code{ethaddr}, the MAC address, can only be set once
+ \item \code{bootdelay}, the delay in seconds before which U-Boot
+ runs bootcmd
+ \item \code{autostart}, if yes, U-Boot starts automatically an image
+ that has been loaded into memory
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Scripts in environment variables}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Environment variables can contain small scripts, to execute
+ several commands and test the results of commands.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Useful to automate booting or upgrade processes
+ \item Several command can be chained using the \code{;} operator
+ \item Tests can be done using
+ \code{if command ; then ... ; else ... ; fi}
+ \item Scripts are executed using \code{run <variable-name>}
+ \item You can reference other variables using
+ \code{${variable-name}}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Example
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{setenv mmc-boot 'mmc init 0; if fatload mmc 0 80000000
+ boot.ini; then source; else if fatload mmc 0 80000000 uImage;
+ then run mmc-bootargs; bootm; fi; fi'}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Transferring files to the target}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item U-Boot is mostly used to load and boot a kernel image, but it
+ also allows to change the kernel image and the root filesystem
+ stored in flash.
+ \item Files must be exchanged between the target and the development
+ workstation. This is possible:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Through the network if the target has an Ethernet
+ connection, and U-Boot contains a driver for the Ethernet
+ chip. This is the fastest and most efficient solution.
+ \item Through a USB key, if U-Boot support the USB controller of
+ your platform
+ \item Through a SD or microSD card, if U-Boot supports the MMC
+ controller of your platform
+ \item Through the serial port
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{TFTP}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Network transfer from the development workstation and U-Boot
+ on the target takes place through TFTP
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\em Trivial File Transfer Protocol}
+ \item Somewhat similar to FTP, but without authentication and over
+ UDP
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item A TFTP server is needed on the development workstation
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{sudo apt-get install tftpd-hpa}
+ \item All files in \code{/var/lib/tftpboot} are then visible
+ through TFTP
+ \item A TFTP client is available in the \code{tftp-hpa} package,
+ for testing
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item A TFTP client is integrated into U-Boot
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Configure the \code{ipaddr} and \code{serverip} environment
+ variables
+ \item Use \code{tftp <address> <filename>} to load a file
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{U-boot mkimage}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The kernel image that U-Boot loads and boots must be prepared,
+ so that a U-Boot specific header is added in front of the image
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item This header gives details such as the image size, the
+ expected load address, the compression type, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item This is done with a tool that comes in U-Boot, \code{mkimage}
+ \item Debian / Ubuntu: just install the \code{u-boot-tools} package.
+ \item Or, compile it by yourself: simply configure U-Boot for any
+ board of any architecture and compile it. Then install \code{mkimage}:\\
+ \code{cp tools/mkimage /usr/local/bin/}
+ \item The special target \code{uImage} of the kernel Makefile can
+ then be used to generate a kernel image suitable for U-Boot.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\setuplabframe
+{U-Boot}
+{
+ Time to start the practical lab !
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Communicate with the board using a serial console
+ \item Configure, build and install {\em X-Loader} and {\em U-Boot}
+ \item Learn {\em U-Boot} commands
+ \item Set up {\em TFTP} communication with the board
+ \end{itemize}
+}
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-udev/firmware-hotplugging.dia b/slides/sysdev-udev/firmware-hotplugging.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20dfd7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-udev/firmware-hotplugging.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15.95,7.95;31.05,12.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="16,8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.6388,8.82625;27.3613,11.1738"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Driver
+calls request_firmware()
+and sleeps#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,9.42125"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15.95,17.95;31.05,22.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="16,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="34,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34,17.405;34,18.1525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>##</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="34,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="16.3025,18.8263;30.6975,21.1738"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel
+gets ready to load firmware data
+grows a buffer to accomodate incoming data#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,19.4213"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="16,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="15.95,22.95;31.05,27.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="16,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="15"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.9937,23.4262;29.0062,26.5738"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Driver
+wakes up after request_firmware()
+copies the buffer to the hardware
+class release_firmware()#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="23.5,24.0212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.95,8.95;55.05,12.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="38,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="38.8525,10.1263;54.1475,10.8738"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#/sys/class/firmware/xxx/{loading,data} appears#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,10.7213"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O7" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38,13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.95,12.95;55.05,16.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="38,13"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="40.0812,13.7263;52.9187,15.2737"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Firmware subsystem event sent to udev
+udev calls /lib/udev/firmware#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,14.3213"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O9" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38,19"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37.95,18.95;55.05,23.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="38,19"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,21"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="39.1287,19.4262;53.8712,22.5738"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#the firmware helper does
+echo 1 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading
+cat $FWIMAGE > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/data
+echo 0 > /sys/class/firmware/xxx/loading#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,20.0212"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O11" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="31,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.9466,9.94656;38.1115,10.8173"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="31,10"/>
+ <dia:point val="38,10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="4"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O7" connection="3"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="31,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.9309,9.9309;38.094,14.5691"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="31,10"/>
+ <dia:point val="38,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="4"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O9" connection="3"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,16"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="46.1382,15.95;46.8618,19.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="46.5,16"/>
+ <dia:point val="46.5,19"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#5cacff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O9" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O11" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.55,20.65"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.2884,19.678;39.6031,20.7031"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="39.55,20.65"/>
+ <dia:point val="29.4,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="38.75,21.45"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.7886,20.4899;38.804,21.504"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="38.75,21.45"/>
+ <dia:point val="30.9,20.8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O18">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="39.65,22.4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.2906,22.3408;39.7092,24.7785"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="39.65,22.4"/>
+ <dia:point val="29.4,24.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O19">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.15,7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.15,6.0825;25.25,7.235"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.15,7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O20">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="44,7.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="44,6.6325;49.1475,7.785"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Userspace#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="1.2347221747040749"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="44,7.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-udev/module-autoloading.dia b/slides/sysdev-udev/module-autoloading.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3399ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-udev/module-autoloading.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="bmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="lmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="24,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="24,9.405;31.61,10.1525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel compilation time#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="24,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="37,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="37,9.405;43.76,10.1525"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#System everyday life#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="37,10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.95,10.95;33.55,13.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="36,14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35.9813,13.3863;36,14.1899"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>##</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="36,14"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="3"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.75,12.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.4162,11.3188;33.0837,13.1812"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Each driver announces which device and
+vendor IDs it supports. Information stored
+in the source code.#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.75,11.7913"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="21.95,14.45;33.55,17.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="22,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.75,15.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="22.92,14.8188;32.58,16.6812"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#The depmod -a command
+processes modules and generates
+/lib/modules/<version>/modules.alias#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="27.75,15.2913"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.95,10.95;45.05,13.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="35,11"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40,12.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35.27,11.3188;44.73,13.1812"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#The driver core (USB, PCI, etc.) reads
+the device ID, vendor ID,
+and other device attributes#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="40,11.7913"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O7" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.95,14.45;45.05,17.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="35,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40,15.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35.3462,14.8188;44.6538,16.6812"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#The kernel sends an event to udevd,
+setting the MODALIAS environment
+variable encoding these data#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="40,15.2913"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O9" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.95,17.95;45.05,20.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="35,18"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40,19.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="36.6112,18.6363;43.3888,19.8637"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#A udev event process runs
+modprobe $MODALIAS#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="40,19.1088"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O11" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35,21.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.95,21.45;45.05,24.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="35,21.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="40,22.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35.515,22.1363;44.485,23.3637"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#modprobe finds the module to load
+in the modules.alias file#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.63499997556209564"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="40,22.6088"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O13" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35,22.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="33.2978,15.6906;35.2022,22.8094"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="35,22.75"/>
+ <dia:point val="33.5,15.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="line_style">
+ <dia:enum val="4"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="start_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O13" connection="3"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O5" connection="4"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ </dia:layer>
+</dia:diagram>
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-udev/sysdev-udev.tex b/slides/sysdev-udev/sysdev-udev.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48309f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-udev/sysdev-udev.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+\chapterframe{Hotplugging with udev}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{/dev issues and limitations}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item On Red Hat 9, 18000 entries in \code{/dev}!\\
+ All entries for all possible devices had to be created at system
+ installation.
+ \item Needed an authority to assign major numbers\\
+ \url{http://lanana.org/}: Linux Assigned Names and Numbers
+ Authority
+ \item Not enough numbers in 2.4, limits extended in 2.6.
+ \item Userspace neither knew what devices were present in the
+ system, nor which real device corresponded to each \code{/dev}
+ entry.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{The udev solution}
+ Takes advantage of {\bf sysfs} introduced by Linux 2.6.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Created by Greg Kroah Hartman, a huge contributor.\\
+ Other key contributors: Kay Sievers, Dan Stekloff.
+ \item {\em Entirely} in user space.
+ \item Automatically creates and removes device entries in
+ \code{/dev/} according to inserted and removed devices.
+ \item Major and minor device transmitted by the kernel.
+ \item Requires no change to driver code.
+ \item Fast: written in C\\
+ Relatively small size: \code{udevd} version 167: 127 KB
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Starting udev (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item At the very beginning of user-space startup,
+ mount the \code{/dev/} directory as a \code{tmpfs} filesystem:\\
+ \code{sudo mount -t tmpfs udev /dev}
+ \item \code{/dev/} is populated with static devices available in
+ \code{/lib/udev/devices/}:
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+$ ls -l /lib/udev/devices/
+total 12
+brw------- 1 root root 7, 0 2011-06-04 10:25 loop0
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-06-04 10:25 net
+crw------- 1 root root 108, 0 2011-06-04 10:25 ppp
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-04-07 14:43 pts
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-04-07 14:43 shm
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Starting udev (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The \code{udevd} daemon is started. It listens to {\em uevents}
+ from the driver core, which are sent whenever devices are inserted
+ or removed.
+ \item The \code{udevd} daemon reads and parses all the rules found
+ in \code{/etc/udev/rules.d/} and keeps them in memory.
+ \item Whenever rules are added, removed or modified, \code{udevd}
+ receives an {\em inotify} event and updates its rule-set in memory.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The {\em inotify} mechanism lets userspace programs
+ subscribe to notifications of filesystem changes.
+ \item When an event is received, \code{udevd} starts a process to:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item try to match the event against udev rules,
+ \item create / remove device files,
+ \item and run programs (to load / remove a driver, to notify user
+ space...)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{uevent message example}
+ Example inserting a USB mouse
+ \begin{block}{}
+\tiny
+\begin{verbatim}
+recv(4,
+ "add@/class/input/input9/mouse2\0
+ ACTION=add\0
+ DEVPATH=/class/input/input9/mouse2\0
+ SUBSYSTEM=input\0
+ SEQNUM=1064\0
+ PHYSDEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.1/usb2/2-2/2-2:1.0\0
+ PHYSDEVBUS=usb\0
+ PHYSDEVDRIVER=usbhid\0
+ MAJOR=13\0
+ MINOR=34\0",
+ 2048,
+ 0)
+= 221
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{udev rules}
+ When a udev rule matching event information is found, it can be
+ used:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item To define the name and path of a device file.
+ \item To define the owner, group and permissions of a device file.
+ \item To execute a specified program.
+ \end{itemize}
+ Rule files are processed in lexical order.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{udev naming capabilities}
+ Device names can be defined
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item from a label or serial number,
+ \item from a bus device number,
+ \item from a location on the bus topology,
+ \item from a kernel name,
+ \item from the output of a program.
+ \end{itemize}
+See \url{http://www.reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html}
+for a very complete description. See also \code{man udev}.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{udev naming rule examples}
+ \begin{block}{}
+\tiny
+\begin{verbatim}
+# Naming testing the output of a program
+BUS=="scsi", PROGRAM="/sbin/scsi_id", RESULT=="OEM 0815", NAME="disk1"
+
+# USB printer to be called lp_color
+BUS=="usb", SYSFS{serial}=="W09090207101241330", NAME="lp_color"
+
+# SCSI disk with a specific vendor and model number will be called boot
+BUS=="scsi", SYSFS{vendor}=="IBM", SYSFS{model}=="ST336", NAME="boot%n"
+
+# sound card with PCI bus id 00:0b.0 to be called dsp
+BUS=="pci", ID=="00:0b.0", NAME="dsp"
+
+# USB mouse at third port of the second hub to be called mouse1
+BUS=="usb", PLACE=="2.3", NAME="mouse1"
+
+# ttyUSB1 should always be called pda with two additional symlinks
+KERNEL=="ttyUSB1", NAME="pda", SYMLINK="palmtop handheld"
+
+# multiple USB webcams with symlinks to be called webcam0, webcam1, ...
+BUS=="usb", SYSFS{model}=="XV3", NAME="video%n", SYMLINK="webcam%n"
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{udev permission rule examples}
+ Excerpts from \code{/etc/udev/rules.d/40-permissions.rules}
+\begin{block}{}
+\begin{verbatim}
+# Block devices
+SUBSYSTEM!="block", GOTO="block_end"
+SYSFS{removable}!="1", GROUP="disk"
+SYSFS{removable}=="1", GROUP="floppy"
+BUS=="usb", GROUP="plugdev"
+BUS=="ieee1394", GROUP="plugdev"
+LABEL="block_end"
+
+# Other devices, by name
+KERNEL=="null", MODE="0666"
+KERNEL=="zero", MODE="0666"
+KERNEL=="full", MODE="0666"
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Identifying device driver modules}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-udev/module-autoloading.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Module aliases}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{MODALIAS} environment variable example (USB mouse):\\
+ \code{MODALIAS=usb:v046DpC03Ed2000dc00dsc00dp00ic03isc01ip02}
+ \item Matching line in \code{/lib/modules/<version>/modules.alias}:\\
+ \code{alias usb:v*p*d*dc*dsc*dp*ic03isc01ip02* usbmouse}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{udev modprobe rule examples}
+ Even module loading is done with \code{udev}!\\
+ Excerpts from \code{/etc/udev/rules.d/90-modprobe.rules}
+ \begin{block}{}
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+ACTION!="add", GOTO="modprobe_end"
+
+SUBSYSTEM!="ide", GOTO="ide_end"
+IMPORT{program}="ide_media --export $devpath"
+ENV{IDE_MEDIA}=="cdrom",RUN+="/sbin/modprobe -Qba ide-cd"
+ENV{IDE_MEDIA}=="disk",RUN+="/sbin/modprobe -Qba ide-disk"
+ENV{IDE_MEDIA}=="floppy", RUN+="/sbin/modprobe -Qba ide-floppy"
+ENV{IDE_MEDIA}=="tape", RUN+="/sbin/modprobe -Qba ide-tape"
+LABEL="ide_end"
+SUBSYSTEM=="input", PROGRAM="/sbin/grepmap --udev", \
+ RUN+="/sbin/modprobe -Qba $result"
+# Load drivers that match kernel-supplied alias
+ENV{MODALIAS}=="?*", RUN+="/sbin/modprobe -Q $env{MODALIAS}"
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Cold-plugging}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Issue: loosing all device events happening during kernel
+ initialization, because udev is not ready yet.
+ \item Solution: after starting \code{udevd}, have the kernel emit
+ uevents for all devices present in \code{/sys}.
+ \item This can be done by the \code{udevtrigger} utility.
+ \item Strong benefit: completely transparent for userspace. Legacy
+ and removable devices handled and named in exactly the same way.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Debugging events - udevmonitor (1)}
+ \code{udevadm monitor} visualizes the driver core events and the \code{udev} event processes.\\
+ Example event sequence connecting a USB mouse:
+ \begin{block}{}
+\tiny
+\begin{verbatim}
+UEVENT[1170452995.094476] add@/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb4/4-3/4-3.2
+UEVENT[1170452995.094569] add@/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb4/4-3/4-3.2/4-3.2:1.0
+UEVENT[1170452995.098337] add@/class/input/input28
+UEVENT[1170452995.098618] add@/class/input/input28/mouse2
+UEVENT[1170452995.098868] add@/class/input/input28/event4
+UEVENT[1170452995.099110] add@/class/input/input28/ts2
+UEVENT[1170452995.099353] add@/class/usb_device/usbdev4.30
+UDEV [1170452995.165185] add@/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb4/4-3/4-3.2
+UDEV [1170452995.274128] add@/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb4/4-3/4-3.2/4-3.2:1.0
+UDEV [1170452995.375726] add@/class/usb_device/usbdev4.30
+UDEV [1170452995.415638] add@/class/input/input28
+UDEV [1170452995.504164] add@/class/input/input28/mouse2
+UDEV [1170452995.525087] add@/class/input/input28/event4
+UDEV [1170452995.568758] add@/class/input/input28/ts2
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+It gives time information measured in microseconds. You can measure
+time elapsed between the uevent (\code{UEVENT} line), and the completion of
+the corresponding udev process (matching \code{UDEV} line).
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Debugging events - udevmonitor (2)}
+\code{udevadm monitor --env} shows the complete event environment for each line.
+\begin{block}{}
+\tiny
+\begin{verbatim}
+UDEV [1170453642.595297] add@/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb4/4-3/4-3.2/4-3.2:1.0
+UDEV_LOG=3
+ACTION=add
+DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb4/4-3/4-3.2/4-3.2:1.0
+SUBSYSTEM=usb
+SEQNUM=3417
+PHYSDEVBUS=usb
+DEVICE=/proc/bus/usb/004/031
+PRODUCT=46d/c03d/2000
+TYPE=0/0/0
+INTERFACE=3/1/2
+MODALIAS=usb:v046DpC03Dd2000dc00dsc00dp00ic03isc01ip02
+UDEVD_EVENT=1
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Misc udev utilities}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{udevinfo}\\
+ Lets users query the \code{udev} database.
+ \item \code{udevtest <sysfs_device_path>} \\
+ Simulates a \code{udev} run to test the configured rules.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Firmware hotplugging}
+ Also implemented with \code{udev}!
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Firmware data are kept outside device drivers
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item May not be legal or free enough to distribute
+ \item Firmware in kernel code would occupy memory permanently,
+ even if just used once.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Kernel configuration: needs to be set in \code{CONFIG_FW_LOADER}\\
+ ({\em Device Drivers} $\rightarrow$ {\em Generic Driver Options}
+ $\rightarrow$ {\em hotplug firmware loading support})
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Firmware hotplugging implementation}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-udev/firmware-hotplugging.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+ See \code{Documentation/firmware_class/} in the kernel sources for a
+ nice overview
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{udev files}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{/etc/udev/udev.conf}\\
+ udev configuration file.\\
+ Mainly used to configure syslog reporting priorities.\\
+ Example setting: \code{udev_log="err"}
+ \item \code{/lib/udev/rules.d/}\\
+ Standard udev event matching rules, installed by the distribution.
+ \item \code{/etc/udev/rules.d/*.rules}\\
+ Local (custom) udev event matching rules. Best to modify these.
+ \item \code{/lib/udev/devices/*}\\
+ static \code{/dev} content (such as \code{/dev/console},
+ \code{/dev/null}...).
+ \item \code{/lib/udev/*}\\
+ helper programs called from udev rules.
+ \item \code{/dev/*}\\
+ Created device files.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Kernel configuration for udev}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Created for 2.6.19
+ \item Caution: no documentation found, and not tested yet on a minimalistic system. Some settings may still be missing.
+ \item Subsystems and device drivers (USB, PCI, PCMCIA...) should be added too!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{block}{}
+\tiny
+\begin{verbatim}
+# General setup
+CONFIG_HOTPLUG=y
+# Networking, networking options
+CONFIG_NET=y
+# Unix domain sockets
+CONFIG_UNIX=y
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_NETLINK=y
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_NETLINK_QUEUE=y
+# Pseudo filesystems
+CONFIG_PROC_FS=y
+CONFIG_SYSFS=y
+# Needed to manage /dev
+CONFIG_TMPFS=y
+CONFIG_RAMFS=y
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{udev summary - typical operation}
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-udev/udev-overall-architecture.pdf}
+ \end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{udev resources}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Home page\\
+ \url{http://kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html}
+ \item Sources\\
+ \url{http://kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/}
+ \item The udev manual page:\\
+ \code{man udev}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{mdev, the udev for embedded systems}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item {\em udev} might be too heavy-weight for some embedded
+ systems, the udevd daemon staying in the background waiting for
+ events.
+ \item BusyBox provides a simpler alternative called {\bf mdev},
+ available by enabling the MDEV configuration option.
+ \item mdev's usage is documented in \code{doc/mdev.txt} in the BusyBox source code.
+ \item mdev is also able to load firmware to the kernel like udev
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{mdev usage}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item To use \code{mdev}, the \code{proc} and \code{sysfs} filesystems must be mounted
+ \item mdev must be enabled as the hotplug event manager\\
+ \code{echo /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug}
+ \item Need to mount \code{/dev} as a \code{tmpfs}:\\
+ \code{mount -t tmpfs mdev /dev}
+ \item Tell \code{mdev} to create the \code{/dev} entries
+ corresponding to the devices detected
+ during boot when mdev was not running:\\
+ \code{mdev -s}
+ \item The behavior is specified by the \code{/etc/mdev.conf} configuration
+ file, with the following format\\
+ \code{<device regex> <uid>:<gid> <octal permissions> [=path] [@|$|*<command>]}
+ \item Example\\
+ \code{hd[a-z][0-9]* 0:3 660}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
diff --git a/slides/sysdev-udev/udev-overall-architecture.dia b/slides/sysdev-udev/udev-overall-architecture.dia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c8c96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/slides/sysdev-udev/udev-overall-architecture.dia
@@ -0,0 +1,729 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<dia:diagram xmlns:dia="http://www.lysator.liu.se/~alla/dia/">
+ <dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:attribute name="background">
+ <dia:color val="#ffffff"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pagebreak">
+ <dia:color val="#000099"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="paper">
+ <dia:composite type="paper">
+ <dia:attribute name="name">
+ <dia:string>#Letter#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="tmargin">
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+ <dia:attribute name="rmargin">
+ <dia:real val="2.5399999618530273"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="is_portrait">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="scaling">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="fitto">
+ <dia:boolean val="false"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="grid">
+ <dia:composite type="grid">
+ <dia:attribute name="width_x">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="width_y">
+ <dia:real val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_x">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="visible_y">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:composite type="color"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#d8e5e5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="guides">
+ <dia:composite type="guides">
+ <dia:attribute name="hguides"/>
+ <dia:attribute name="vguides"/>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:diagramdata>
+ <dia:layer name="Arrière-plan" visible="true" active="true">
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O0">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="17.5,8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="17.45,8.45;27.55,12.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="17.5,8.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="3.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#cc1f1a"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#ffacac"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O1">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,10.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="19.655,9.47625;25.345,11.0237"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Kernel driver core
+(USB, PCI, etc.)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="22.5,10.0713"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O0" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O2">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="32,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31.95,8.95;39.05,11.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="32,9"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="7"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="2.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O3">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.5,10.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.5375,9.87625;36.4625,10.6238"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#udevd#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="monospace" style="0" name="Courier"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.5,10.4713"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O2" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O4">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.5,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.45,13.45;41.05,19.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="29.5,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O5">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.95,14.45;40.55,16.05"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="30,14.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O6">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,13.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="32.1112,13.5;38.3888,14.2475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#udev event process#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,14.095"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O4" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O7">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,15.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31.42,14.8763;39.08,15.6238"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Matches events to rules#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,15.4713"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O8">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.95,16.95;40.55,18.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="30,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O9">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,17.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31.375,16.9763;39.125,18.5237"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Creates/removes device
+files#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,17.5712"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O8" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O10">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="29.5,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.45,19.95;41.05,25.8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="29.5,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="5.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#d9cb2f"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#fff8a8"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O11">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30,21.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.95,21.45;40.55,23.05"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="30,21.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O12">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,20"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.4025,20;40.0975,20.7475"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#/lib/udev programs and others#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,20.595"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="0"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O10" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O13">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,22.25"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="31.7,21.8762;38.8,22.6237"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Load the right module#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,22.4712"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O11" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Box" version="0" id="O14">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="30,24"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="29.95,23.95;40.55,25.55"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_corner">
+ <dia:point val="30,24"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_width">
+ <dia:real val="10.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="elem_height">
+ <dia:real val="1.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.10000000149011612"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="border_color">
+ <dia:color val="#6a8954"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="inner_color">
+ <dia:color val="#c5e387"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="show_background">
+ <dia:boolean val="true"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Text" version="1" id="O15">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,24.75"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="30.93,23.9763;39.57,25.5237"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="text">
+ <dia:composite type="text">
+ <dia:attribute name="string">
+ <dia:string>#Notify userspace programs
+(GUI, etc.)#</dia:string>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="font">
+ <dia:font family="sans" style="0" name="Helvetica"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="height">
+ <dia:real val="0.80000000000000004"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,24.5712"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="color">
+ <dia:color val="#000000"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="alignment">
+ <dia:enum val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ </dia:composite>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="valign">
+ <dia:enum val="2"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O14" connection="8"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O16">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,16"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.8882,15.95;35.6118,17.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,16"/>
+ <dia:point val="35.25,17"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O5" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O8" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O17">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,18.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.8882,18.45;35.6118,20.1118"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
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+ <dia:point val="35.25,20"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
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+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O8" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O10" connection="1"/>
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+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O18">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,23"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="34.8882,22.95;35.6118,24.1118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="35.25,23"/>
+ <dia:point val="35.25,24"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_width">
+ <dia:real val="0.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:connections>
+ <dia:connection handle="0" to="O11" connection="6"/>
+ <dia:connection handle="1" to="O14" connection="1"/>
+ </dia:connections>
+ </dia:object>
+ <dia:object type="Standard - Line" version="0" id="O19">
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_pos">
+ <dia:point val="35.5,11.5"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="obj_bb">
+ <dia:rectangle val="35.1382,11.45;35.8618,13.6118"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="conn_endpoints">
+ <dia:point val="35.5,11.5"/>
+ <dia:point val="35.5,13.5"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="numcp">
+ <dia:int val="1"/>
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+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow">
+ <dia:enum val="22"/>
+ </dia:attribute>
+ <dia:attribute name="end_arrow_length">
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-using-kernel-modules/linux-kernel-in-a-nutshell.jpg b/slides/sysdev-using-kernel-modules/linux-kernel-in-a-nutshell.jpg
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diff --git a/slides/sysdev-using-kernel-modules/sysdev-using-kernel-modules.tex b/slides/sysdev-using-kernel-modules/sysdev-using-kernel-modules.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fa2cb1
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+++ b/slides/sysdev-using-kernel-modules/sysdev-using-kernel-modules.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+\subchapterframe
+{Embedded Linux kernel usage}
+{Using kernel modules}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Advantages of modules}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Modules make it easy to develop drivers without rebooting:
+ load, test, unload, rebuild, load...
+ \item Useful to keep the kernel image size to the minimum (essential
+ in GNU/Linux distributions for PCs).
+ \item Also useful to reduce boot time: you don't spend time
+ initializing devices and kernel features that you only need later.
+ \item Caution: once loaded, have full control and privileges in the
+ system. No particular protection. That's why only the root user
+ can load and unload modules.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Module dependencies}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Some kernel modules can depend on other modules,
+ which need to be loaded first.
+ \item Example: the \code{usb-storage} module depends on the
+ \code{scsi_mod}, \code{libusual} and \code{usbcore} modules.
+ \item Dependencies are described
+ in \code{/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/modules.dep}\\
+ This file is generated when you run \code{make modules_install}.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Kernel log}
+
+ When a new module is loaded, related information is available in the
+ kernel log.
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The kernel keeps its messages in a circular buffer (so that it
+ doesn't consume more memory with many messages)
+ \item Kernel log messages are available through the \code{dmesg}
+ command ({\bf d}iagnostic {\bf mes}sa{\bf g}e)
+ \item Kernel log messages are also displayed in the system console
+ (console messages can be filtered by level using the
+ \code{loglevel} kernel parameter, or completely disabled with the
+ \code{quiet} parameter).
+ \item Note that you can write to the kernel log from userspace too:\\
+ \code{echo "Debug info" > /dev/kmsg}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Module utilities (1)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{modinfo <module_name>}\\
+ \code{modinfo <module_path>.ko}\\
+ Gets information about a module: parameters, license, description
+ and dependencies.\\
+ Very useful before deciding to load a module or not.
+ \item \code{sudo insmod <module_path>.ko}\\
+ Tries to load the given module. The full path to the module object
+ file must be given.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Understanding module loading issues}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When loading a module fails, \code{insmod} often doesn't give
+ you enough details!
+ \item Details are often available in the kernel log.
+ \item Example:\\
+\scriptsize
+\begin{verbatim}
+$ sudo insmod ./intr_monitor.ko
+insmod: error inserting './intr_monitor.ko': -1 Device or resource busy
+$ dmesg
+[17549774.552000] Failed to register handler for irq channel 2
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Module utilities (2)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{sudo modprobe <module_name>}\\
+ Most common usage of \code{modprobe}: tries to load all the
+ modules the given module depends on, and then this module. Lots of
+ other options are available. Modprobe automatically looks in
+ \code{/lib/modules/<version>/} for the object file corresponding
+ to the given module name.
+ \item \code{lsmod}\\
+ Displays the list of loaded modules\\
+ Compare its output with the contents of \code{/proc/modules}!
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Module utilities (3)}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{sudo rmmod <module_name>}\\
+ Tries to remove the given module.\\
+ Will only be allowed if the module is no longer in use (for
+ example, no more processes opening a device file)
+ \item \code{sudo modprobe -r <module_name>}\\
+ Tries to remove the given module and all dependent modules (which
+ are no longer needed after the module removal)
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Passing parameters to modules}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Find available parameters:\\
+ \code{modinfo snd-intel8x0m}
+ \item Through insmod:\\
+ \code{sudo insmod ./snd-intel8x0m.ko index=-2}
+ \item Through modprobe:\\
+ Set parameters in \code{/etc/modprobe.conf} or in any file in \code{/etc/modprobe.d/}:\\
+ \code{options snd-intel8x0m index=-2}
+ \item Through the kernel command line, when the driver is built statically into the kernel:\\
+ \code{snd-intel8x0m.index=-2}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \code{snd-intel8x0m} is the {\em driver name}
+ \item \code{index} is the {\em driver parameter name}
+ \item \code{-2} is the {\em driver parameter value}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Useful reading}
+ \begin{columns}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ Linux Kernel in a Nutshell, Dec 2006
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item By Greg Kroah-Hartman, O'Reilly\\
+ \url{http://www.kroah.com/lkn/}
+ \item A good reference book and guide on configuring, compiling
+ and managing the Linux kernel sources.
+ \item Freely available on-line!\\
+ Great companion to the printed book for easy electronic searches!\\
+ Available as single PDF file on
+ \url{http://free-electrons.com/community/kernel/lkn/}
+ \item Our rating: 2 stars
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{slides/sysdev-using-kernel-modules/linux-kernel-in-a-nutshell.jpg}
+ \end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of changes:
.gitignore | 3 +
Makefile | 103 ++-
slides/last-slides/last-slides.tex | 62 +
.../last-slides/related-documents-screenshot.png | Bin 0 -> 95015 bytes
slides/sysdev-application-development/computer.png | Bin 0 -> 10077 bytes
slides/sysdev-application-development/cygwin.png | Bin 0 -> 2120 bytes
slides/sysdev-application-development/eclipse.png | Bin 0 -> 4584 bytes
.../embedded-device.png | Bin 0 -> 1703 bytes
.../gdb-vs-gdbserver-architecture.dia | 480 ++++--
.../gdb-vs-gdbserver.dia | 216 +++
slides/sysdev-application-development/gdb.png | Bin 0 -> 3380 bytes
.../kcachegrind-screenshot.jpg | Bin 0 -> 191444 bytes
.../kdevelop-screenshot.png | Bin 0 -> 50097 bytes
slides/sysdev-application-development/kdevelop.png | Bin 0 -> 7606 bytes
.../sysdev-application-development.tex | 825 +++++++++
.../sysdev-application-development/valgrind1.png | Bin 0 -> 14635 bytes
.../sysdev-application-development/valgrind2.png | Bin 0 -> 8242 bytes
.../sysdev-application-development/virtualbox.png | Bin 0 -> 22548 bytes
slides/sysdev-application-development/vmware.png | Bin 0 -> 1209 bytes
.../sysdev-block-filesystems/journal-recovery.dia | 803 ++++------
.../sysdev-block-filesystems/journal.dia | 389 +++--
.../mixing-filesystems.dia | 293 ++--
.../sysdev-block-filesystems.tex | 243 +++
.../sysdev-bootloaders/at91-boot.dia | 428 +++--
.../sysdev-bootloaders/booting-from-nor.dia | 300 +---
.../sysdev-bootloaders/omap-boot.dia | 428 +++--
slides/sysdev-bootloaders/sysdev-bootloaders.tex | 186 ++
.../sysdev-bootloaders/x86-bootloader-sequence.dia | 429 +++--
slides/sysdev-busybox/sysdev-busybox.tex | 156 ++
slides/sysdev-busybox/xconfig-screenshot.png | Bin 0 -> 26105 bytes
.../sysdev-dev-environment}/host-vs-target.dia | 312 ++--
.../linux-as-development-os.dia | 191 ++
.../sysdev-dev-environment.tex | 218 +++
slides/sysdev-dev-environment/tux.png | Bin 0 -> 44602 bytes
slides/sysdev-dev-environment/ubuntu.png | Bin 0 -> 8852 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/android.png | Bin 0 -> 1433 bytes
.../sysdev-embedded-linux/autotools.dia | 1024 +++++++-----
.../book-building-embedded-linux-systems.png | Bin 0 -> 19064 bytes
.../book-embedded-linux-primer2.jpg | Bin 0 -> 35476 bytes
.../book-embedded-linux-sysdev.png | Bin 0 -> 21947 bytes
.../sysdev-embedded-linux/buildroot-screenshot.png | Bin 0 -> 64524 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/busybox.png | Bin 0 -> 10422 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/dash-express-gui.jpg | Bin 0 -> 200253 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/debian.png | Bin 0 -> 11347 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/dillo.png | Bin 0 -> 22525 bytes
.../directfb-architecture.dia | 617 +++----
.../directfb-dependencies-size.dia | 820 +++++----
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/directfb-morphine.png | Bin 0 -> 363139 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/fedora.png | Bin 0 -> 4543 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/gnome-mobile.png | Bin 0 -> 33067 bytes
.../sysdev-embedded-linux/gtk-backends.dia | 870 +++++-----
.../gtk-dependencies-size.dia | 1551 ++++++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/lighttpd.png | Bin 0 -> 7428 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/linuxdevices.png | Bin 0 -> 14672 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/meego.png | Bin 0 -> 11326 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/openmoko-gui.png | Bin 0 -> 205104 bytes
.../sysdev-embedded-linux/qt-dependencies-size.dia | 1158 ++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/roku-netflix-gui.jpg | Bin 0 -> 57644 bytes
.../sysdev-embedded-linux.tex | 1880 ++++++++++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/ubuntu.png | Bin 0 -> 7228 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/vernier-gui.jpg | Bin 0 -> 20228 bytes
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/webkit.png | Bin 0 -> 36541 bytes
.../sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg-architecture.dia | 671 +++-----
.../xorg-dependencies-size.dia | 1621 +++++++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-embedded-linux/xorg.png | Bin 0 -> 5154 bytes
slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/chip.png | Bin 0 -> 966 bytes
slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/jffs2.dia | 282 +++
.../sysdev-flash-filesystems/mtd-architecture.dia | 1503 ++++++++++++++++
.../sysdev-flash-filesystems.tex | 527 ++++++
slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubi.dia | 1622 +++++++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs-layout.dia | 1035 +++++++++++
.../sysdev-flash-filesystems/ubifs.dia | 308 ++---
slides/sysdev-flash-filesystems/yaffs2.dia | 282 +++
slides/sysdev-intro/freebox.jpg | Bin 0 -> 251276 bytes
slides/sysdev-intro/global-architecture.dia | 894 ++++++++++
slides/sysdev-intro/laser-cutting-machine.jpg | Bin 0 -> 36302 bytes
slides/sysdev-intro/point-of-sale.jpg | Bin 0 -> 29551 bytes
slides/sysdev-intro/sysdev-intro.tex | 383 ++++
slides/sysdev-intro/television.jpg | Bin 0 -> 49814 bytes
slides/sysdev-intro/viticulture-machine.jpg | Bin 0 -> 243967 bytes
.../gconfig-screenshot.png | Bin 0 -> 18926 bytes
.../iso-example.png | Bin 0 -> 5199 bytes
.../kernel-mrproper.png | Bin 0 -> 53880 bytes
.../menuconfig-screenshot.png | Bin 0 -> 100313 bytes
.../nconfig-screenshot.png | Bin 0 -> 32834 bytes
.../sysdev-kernel-configuration-and-compiling.tex | 796 +++++++++
.../xconfig-iso-example.dia | 337 ++--
.../xconfig-screenshot.png | Bin 0 -> 101265 bytes
.../xconfig-search.png | Bin 0 -> 61607 bytes
.../sysdev-kernel-fetch-and-patch.tex | 239 +++
.../linux-kernel-in-system.dia | 734 ++++-----
.../new-development-process.dia | 1064 +++++++++++
.../old-development-process.dia | 1048 +++++++++++
.../sysdev-linux-kernel-intro/stable-kernels.png | Bin 0 -> 16850 bytes
.../sysdev-linux-kernel-intro.tex | 282 +++
.../sysdev-realtime/adeos-interrupt-pipeline1.jpg | Bin 0 -> 73943 bytes
.../sysdev-realtime/adeos-interrupt-pipeline2.jpg | Bin 0 -> 107331 bytes
slides/sysdev-realtime/board.png | Bin 0 -> 5575 bytes
.../sysdev-realtime/bottom-half-problem.dia | 324 +++--
.../building-embedded-linux-systems.png | Bin 0 -> 19064 bytes
slides/sysdev-realtime/dynamite.png | Bin 0 -> 12702 bytes
.../sysdev-realtime/interrupt-inversion.dia | 298 ++--
.../sysdev-realtime/kernel-config-preemption.png | Bin 0 -> 26697 bytes
.../sysdev-realtime/kernel-preemption.dia | 623 +++----
.../sysdev-realtime/latency-basic.dia | 290 ++--
.../latency-highlight-interrupt-duration.dia | 1146 ++++++++++++
.../latency-highlight-interrupt-latency.dia | 1146 ++++++++++++
.../latency-highlight-scheduler-duration.dia | 1146 ++++++++++++
.../latency-highlight-scheduler-latency.dia | 1146 ++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-realtime/latency.dia | 1120 ++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-realtime/linux-vs-realtime.dia | 191 ++
.../sysdev-realtime/priority-inversion.dia | 370 +++--
.../real-time-extensions-architecture.dia | 356 ++--
.../sysdev-realtime/rtpipe.dia | 285 +---
.../sysdev-realtime/spinlock.dia | 310 ++--
slides/sysdev-realtime/sysdev-realtime.tex | 1439 +++++++++++++++
.../sysdev-realtime/thread-vs-process.dia | 293 ++--
slides/sysdev-realtime/tux.jpg | Bin 0 -> 25444 bytes
.../sysdev-realtime/userspace-preemption.dia | 292 ++--
slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-architecture.dia | 1497 ++++++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai-kernel-config.png | Bin 0 -> 70995 bytes
slides/sysdev-realtime/xenomai.png | Bin 0 -> 3037 bytes
.../sysdev-root-filesystem-device-files.tex | 109 ++
slides/sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/initramfs.dia | 264 +++
.../nfs-principle-with-details.dia | 304 ++--
.../sysdev-root-filesystem-part1/nfs-principle.dia | 254 +--
.../sysdev-root-filesystem-part1.tex | 340 ++++
.../overall-boot-sequence.dia | 631 +++----
.../sysdev-root-filesystem-part2.tex | 102 ++
slides/sysdev-toolchains/c-library.dia | 331 ++++
.../sysdev-toolchains/components.dia | 321 ++--
.../sysdev-toolchains/cross-toolchain.dia | 800 ++++-----
slides/sysdev-toolchains/eglibc.png | Bin 0 -> 9353 bytes
slides/sysdev-toolchains/gcc.png | Bin 0 -> 13171 bytes
slides/sysdev-toolchains/glibc.png | Bin 0 -> 26847 bytes
.../sysdev-toolchains/kernel-headers.dia | 306 ++--
slides/sysdev-toolchains/linaro.png | Bin 0 -> 5296 bytes
slides/sysdev-toolchains/sysdev-toolchains.tex | 601 +++++++
slides/sysdev-toolchains/toolchain-build-types.dia | 1140 ++++++++++++
slides/sysdev-u-boot/sysdev-u-boot.tex | 393 ++++
.../sysdev-udev/firmware-hotplugging.dia | 614 +++----
.../sysdev-udev/module-autoloading.dia | 431 ++++--
slides/sysdev-udev/sysdev-udev.tex | 421 +++++
.../sysdev-udev/udev-overall-architecture.dia | 550 +++----
.../linux-kernel-in-a-nutshell.jpg | Bin 15145 -> 15145 bytes
.../sysdev-using-kernel-modules.tex | 151 ++
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create mode 100644 .gitignore
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copy labs/sysdev-thirdparty/directfb-dependencies.dia => slides/sysdev-realtime/kernel-preemption.dia (57%)
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copy labs/sysdev-tinysystem/host-vs-target.dia => slides/sysdev-realtime/real-time-extensions-architecture.dia (62%)
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copy labs/sysdev-thirdparty/directfb-dependencies.dia => slides/sysdev-udev/udev-overall-architecture.dia (56%)
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create mode 100644 slides/sysdev-using-kernel-modules/sysdev-using-kernel-modules.tex
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